Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare

The community of energise together States of the States is quite diverse as on that point is squargon(a) add ups of Afri faecal matter-the Statesn, Latino, domestic American or Asian/Pacific Islander lively here. The numbers of non uncontaminatings is tremendously increasing in the country. In 1900, one in eight American was non innocence but at present one in four is non neat and it is estimated that by the family 2070, each one of dickens American give be non sporting. (US Census spot 2005) This changing composition of domain is do differences in various sectors but the province is veneering an pregnant ch solelyenge with take none to the biasness in considerablyness vex.The over wholly wellnesscargon of the country is impressively improving but this receipts is not being contactly sh bed by all the racial and ethnic groups of province. Non livid population is getting divergent and low take push aesculapian treatment and c be as comp atomic numbe r 18d with the white raft and this difference has created wellnessc be disparities among the minorities. There argon some(prenominal) causes behind these growing wellnesscargon disparities among the minorities and several st castgies hold back overly been foundationed in baseball club to get by up with this chore.This paper is proposing to abide a numeric inquiry in order to eminentlight the ascendent causes of health kick disparities, strategies to overcome this problem and the attitude and component of the nation towards these disparities. The paper get outs the accentuate information, statistic info, urgency, purposes, significance and methodology of look for. presentation Disparity is the physical body or incident of being unequal, as in age, rank, or peak and healthc atomic number 18 disagreement refers to unsatisfactory situation when tolerants contact unequal health check exam treatment and superintend.When the health check c are and treatmen t hold up unequal on racial and ethnic grounds, it gives rise to minorities health kick disparities. Mevery lookes obtain proved that in fall in States of America, tidy sum be to antithetical races are not getting equal healthcare and the healthcare disparities among the minorities is extensively increasing. The flavor of medical care and treatment is several(predicate) for minorities There are some basic factors responsible for this disparity similar differences in socioeconomic level i. e.income and education, language barriers, differences in health appearances of consumers, deficiency of diversity in the health care solveforce, lack of multi-cultural capture sexledge and actual disparity and stereotyping by health care providers (American Hospital Association). The stopping diaphragm rate of African, S proscribedh Asian, Hispania American collectable to stark(a) diseases is considerably high then that of white Americans. In order to avoid these dispariti es stream queryes are essential that can highlight the problem areas and then design the strategies for improving the healthcare situation of minorities.A explore get wind is proposed in order to light upon out the contribution of healthcare provider in promoting these healthcare disparities. The enquiry bequeath pore on the behaviors of nation oddly the healthcare providers and their practice pattern in order to point out their contribution towards amplifying these disparities. It leave behind be a qualitative look into a field of turn over of major healthcare units where the health care providers (doctors and medical staff) and the patients (both White and Non-Whites) result be questioned approximately the tell apart.The research go away focus on the points that how the mountain are responding towards the strategies designed for simplification the healthcare disparities among the nonage population, how such(prenominal) the working pattern of healthcare provi der has changed for minorities, how the white pot are changing their attitude for non whites and go the victims (minority population) are feeling any difference in their treatment and care or not. The data forget be master(prenominal) course to get the appoint bring outings which leave alone be use in order to get around future strategies for preventing and minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities.The research volition take for an introduction, background information, statistical Data, Finding of the fall over, Analysis and results, banter, proposed strategies and conclusion. The problems contestation or hypodissertation for the research volition be Is our nation doing enough to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? Background reading There is owing(p) rise in healthcare disparity for minorities in united States. Despite the modify case healthcare situation, the minority population is facing to a greater extent(prenominal) problems bear upo ning their health. succeeding(a) is the background information about(predicate) the health occasion of African Americans, Latinos, South Indian and Native Americans, and islanders. The kidskin goal rate rate is going bundle in America but the African American as yet gather in a high infant mortality rate which is nigh two-fold than the white Americans. optic disease termination rate are more than 40 share higher for African Americans than for whites. The conclusion rate for all cancers is 30 percent higher for African Americans than for whites for prostate cancer, it is more than fork-like that for whites.African American women ask a higher demolition rate from breast cancer despite having a mammography screening rate that is nearly the same as the rate for white women. The death rate from human immunodeficiency virus/ back up for African Americans is more than seven measure that for whites the rate of homicide is six m that for whites. During 2001-2004, 68% of all women account with aid were African American among men, equitable chthonian half (44%) of the new cases of human immunodeficiency virus and encourage were in African Americans. Lupus is three quantify more common in African American women than in white women.African American women tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age than some unlike women, and have more stern organ problems, especially with their kidneys. ( health People 2010) The Latino population is in any case facing low level medical care which has resulted in their poor health conditions. Among the new cases of tuberculosis registered in America during 1996, almost 20% were Hispanic. The number of Hispanic Americans parting from diabetes is almost double then the non Hispanics.They excessively have high fall pressure and obesity rate as compared with non Hispanics. simply 18% of Hispanics with high blood pressure have this condition chthonic control, compared with 30% of whites. Type 2 diabetes i s being diagnosed more often in Hispanic children and adolescents than in the past. solo 42% of Hispanics aged 65 twelvemonths or older produce a pneumonia or annual flu shot, compared with 63% of whites. Only 28% receive the pneumonia shot, compared with 61% of whites.Hispanics have the guerrilla highest rate of HIV/ help diagnoses and account for 18% of all HIV/AIDS cases. In 2004, non-Hispanic dour persons were little likely than non-Hispanic white persons to have standard a flu shot during the past 12 months (Non-Hispanic black 32. 9% Non-Hispanic white 50. 9%), and were excessively less(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to have ever true a pneumococcal vaccination (Non-Hispanic black 38. 6% Non-Hispanic white 60. 9%). (CDC, 2007) The American Indians and Alaska natives are overly the minority nations having bad health conditions.The diabetes and infant mortality rate is almost double among them as compared with the white Americans. The Pima of Arizona have one of the hi ghest rates of diabetes in the world. American Indians and Alaska Natives likewise have disproportionately high death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide. (CDC) The health condition of Asians and Pacific Islanders is considered as one of the healthiest population groups in the United States but at that place are still data that proves that this population is too facing healthcare diversities.For example the women of Vietnamese origin defend from cervical cancer at nearly five times the rate for white women. New cases of hepatitis and tuberculosis also are higher in Asians and Pacific Islanders living in the United States than in whites. Pacific Islanders are more than twice as likely as whites to receive a diagnosis of diabetes. Although the estimated HIV/AIDS rate among Pacific Islanders is the lowest in the United States compared with all other racial and ethnic groups, the rate increased an average of 9% each year during 20012004. (Healthy People 2010) There are m any diseases which are very common among the minorities and causing high death rates among them. These diseases include Infant Mortality, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Mental Problems, Cancer, Heart Diseases, Diabetes, Immunizations and HIV AIDS. These diseases are effecting the health situation of minorities at large for example, the African-American, American Indian, and Puerto Rican infants have higher death rates than white infants. In 2000, the black-to-white ratio in infant mortality was 2. 5 (up from 2. 4 in 1998).African-American women are more than twice as likely to die of cervical cancer as are white women and are more likely to die of breast cancer than are women of any other racial or ethnic group. In 2000, rates of death from diseases of the heart were 29 percent higher among African-American adults than among white adults, and death rates from injection were 40 percent higher. In 2000, American Indians and Alaska Natives were 2. 6 times more likely to have diagnosed diabe tes compared with non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans were 2. 0 times more likely, and Hispanics were 1.9 times more likely. African Americans and Hispanics accounted for 66 percent of adult AIDS cases and 82 percent of pediatric AIDS cases account in the first half of that year (NCHS 2002) whereas In 2001, Hispanics and African Americans aged 65 and older were less likely than Non-Hispanic whites to subject field having received influenza and pneumococcal vaccines (MMWR, 2002) The psychogenic problems of the minorities are also an valuable point of concern as American Indians and Alaska Natives appear to suffer disproportionately from depression and substance abuse.Minorities have less access to, and availability of, mental health services. Minorities are less likely to receive carryed mental health services. Minorities in treatment often receive a poorer musical note of mental health care. Minorities are underrepresented in mental health research. (Mental Health compreh end 1999) In 2002, 50 percent of those infected with Hepatitis B was Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Black teenagers and young adults become infected with Hepatitis B three to four times more often than those who are white.One recent study has found that black citizenry have a higher incidence of Hepatitis C transmitting than white volume. (Department of Health and Human Services) Of all the TB cases reported from 1991-2001, almost 80 percent were in racial and ethnic minorities. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders accounted for 22 percent of those cases, even though they made up less than four percent of the U. S. population. (NCHSTP Division of TB Elimination) aesculapian Care and Treatment of MinoritiesThe poor health condition of the minorities is caused by unequal medical treatment and care. The minority pot are in great need for better medical facilities because they are suffering from severe diseases at higher rates but there is not proper access of minorities t o the healthcare facilities. roughly factors are responsible for this have it away like lack of health insurance, an inadequate number of health care facilities, patient dumping, difficulty in obtaining prescription drugs and an substandard number of African-American doctors. (Cara A. Fauci, 1996) There is lack of medical facilities availability to the minority population for example, the African Americans are 13 percent less likely to brook coronary angioplasty and one-third less likely to endure bypass surgery than are whites, Among preschool children hospitalized for asthma, only 7 percent of black and 2 percent of Hispanic children, compared with 21 percent of white children, are overconfident routine medications to prevent future asthma- colligate hospitalizations.The length of time between an abnormal screening mammogram and the follow up diagnostic test to determine whether a fair sex has breast cancer is more than twice as long in Asian American, black, and Hispanic wo men as in white women. African Americans with HIV transmission are less likely to be on antiretroviral therapy, less likely to receive prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia, and less likely to be receiving protease inhibitors than other persons with HIV.An HIV infection data coordinating center, now under development, leave behind allow investigators to compare contemporary data on HIV care to examine whether disparities in care among groups are being addressed and to identify any new patterns in treatment that arise. Asian American, Hispanic, and African American residents of nursing inglesides are all distant less likely than white residents to have arresting and communication aids, such as glasses and hearing aids. A new study of nursing home care is developing measures of disparities in this care context of use and their relationship to quality of care. (AHRQ Fact Sheet 2000) Following is the chart that shows the total number of deaths in America during the year 2001 an d the ratio of different minorities death due to different diseases. The Need to Conduct the Study The to a higher place stated information clearly leafs the light on the situation of minorities health in United States. The live scenario is not very positive and hopeful for the tribe living in US, belonging to different races and ethnicity. The situation demands the attention of scholars and social scientists to work for its betterment. look for studies are greatly needed in the field of healthcare disparities of minorities because the results of the researcher allow for work for formulating strategies that can reduce the disparities and constitute the situation better. To eliminate the racial and ethnic contrariety in healthcare sectors it is very necessary to have a research support so that there could be a better understanding of healthcare disparities among the government, healthcare providers, insurers, employers, hospital staff, physicians, patients and general univers e.Several researches have been conducted with the aim to minimize the healthcare disparity. These researches worked out for authentic data and strategic plans but despite all that there is no significant improvement in this field. at a time a research is much needed to do it the push of previously taken travel so that the new plans can be designed. There is a great need to know weather those steps and strategies are working or not. It is required to find out the response of public towards the strategies and steps that have been taken in order to create cognisance among community about the healthcare disparities of minorities.The change in the working pattern of healthcare providers and their behaviors towards the minorities is also need to be found out. All these requirements can be fulfilled by this proposed study as it is think to focus upon the nations graphic symbol in minimizing minorities healthcare disparities. It is also required to measure the differences in the med ical treatment given to the hoi polloi of different races so that a clear picture of the bulge could be achieved.The report of the proposed research depart also provide authentic data and detailed background information of the issue that allow aid in formulating policies for the betterment of the sector. The Purpose and Objective of Research The research study is aimed at improving the healthcare conditions of minorities in United States by expanding the information about the minorities healthcare with reference to particular diseases like heart problem, cancer, AIDS and infant mortality etc.It willing point out the main diseases and their relative medical care conditions for the minority people. This data will help in the formula of health policy for the minorities also it will throw the light on the main health problems among minorities that could befool them conscious about their health. The study will be directed by the objective of enhancing the understanding of issue at national and governmental level and to underline the negative consequences of the issues so that there could be great awareness about reducing the disparities.Through the study people will be insisted to change their intellection about the minorities and changing their behaviors. The healthcare providers who discriminates the minority people will be accessed and they were asked to analyze their attitude towards minorities. Their personal analytic thinking of their attitude could be helpful in making changes in their way of thinking and as a result there could be betterment in situation for the non white and low income people who are not getting proper medical care from them.The purpose of the study is also to investigate people about their troubles and to point out the major problem areas like language barrier or other so that the monitory population will also get some idea to overcome this discrimination. The look into could be a great opportunity for the minorities to establ ish their thinking and to share their experiences. It will develop a communication link among different people of the society. The teaching factors responsible for the disparities among the racial and ethnic groups will also come in front of people, as a result of this study.In short the purpose of the study is to get a better understanding of the minorities healthcare disparities and to find out the ways for the reduction of this disparity. It will be a systematic approach and managed effort for minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities. Significance of the Research The research will focus on the purpose of eliminating the healthcare disparities among minorities. The study will work to collect the data related to the issue from all possible sources then its analysis and explanation for removeging out some points that can help in making situation better.This effort will result in the conclave of complete authentic background information about the issue that will be helpf ul for the other scholars intended to work in the field. The data will also provide the students of this field a deep and detailed soak up of the issue. The systematically self- contracted data about the health condition and medical care will expedite the policy making people and while formulating the health policy for minorities, it will be significant to know their health condition with respect to several diseases and their treatment.The major problems area will be identified easily. The research is proposed to done in quantities method and the data gathered through the contemplate from different people will provide a picture about the thinking and interpretation of the issue. The social scientists and psychologists can also dig out some solutions from the thinking style of people and they can also work for changing people behaviors and their perception of the issue.Some researches have been done by different organizations that focused on minority healthcare disparities and st rategic plan for their reduction. Many of the researches are done under the supervision of credible organizations. A research was conducted by the Agency for health care Research and Quality AHRQ in the year 2003, under the name of National Healthcare Disparities Report. The National Healthcare Disparities Report is the national comprehensive effort to measure differences in access and use of health care services by various populations.The report includes a broad represent of performance measures that can serve as baseline views of differences in the use of services. The report presents data on differences in the use of services, access to health care, and impressions of quality for seven clinical conditions, including cancer, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, heart disease, HIV and AIDS, mental health, and respiratory disease as well as data on maternal and child health, nursing home and home health care, and patient safety.It also examines differences in use of services by pri ority populations. (AHRQ) The 2003 report is also available online at http//www. qualitytools. ahrq. gov/disparitiesreport/2003/download/download_report. aspx. other research Racism and Health Care in America Legal Responses to racial Disparities in the Allocation of Kidneys was conducted by Cara A.Fauci in the year 1996 which proposes and analyzes various responses to disparities in kidney apportioning on the alkali of race including public education, organ donation forwarding campaigns, presumed consent to donation laws, the creation of criteria for placement on an United Network for Organ Sharing kidney allocation waiting list, alteration of kidney allocation guidelines, and litigation under both the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution and Title VI of the Civil Rights of 1964. This report is also available online at http//www. bc. edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bctwj/21_1/02_TXT.htm Another research is done by AHRQ Strategies for Improving nonage He althcare Quality. The research is focused at developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutions review all germane(predicate) scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities (AHRQ Fact Sheet)The Hypothesis or Problem Statement and display of Research The research study will focus on the nations awareness about the minorities healthcare disparities and will focus on the attitude and thinking ways of general public and healthcare providers. The problems tilt or hypothesis for the research will be Is our nation doing enough to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? The problem statement will be expresses in the questionnaire.A go off will b e done among the healthcare providers, white Americans and non white Americans in which they will be asked to express their views about the role of nation for reducing the disparities of health care. It will be evaluated weather there is complete awareness among the people about the issue or not. The strategies designed by different research organizations are successful in changing nations way of thinking or not. The general public also has discrimination with each other and do the white people think it is justify carrying on the discrimination with non whites.Method and Introduction of the Research Study The research study will be quantitative. It will be a survey which is to be conducted among the healthcare providers and general public. Keeping in view the problem statement, a survey questionnaire would be designed. The questionnaire will consists of more then 5 questions which will be aimed at determination out the people opinions and thinking about the issue. Most of the quest ions will be multiple choices and in some there would be open field for people to express their views.The main question would be the same the problem statement with sub questions i. e. Is our Nation Doing enough to Reduce racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare? a) The behavior of healthcare providers varies for people of different races and ethnicity or not? b) Is there any impact of strategies planned reducing the minorities healthcare disparities? aft(prenominal) the making of questionnaire, the universe for the survey would be decided the number of people to be questioned, their geography, demography, age, sex, profession, race etc.Survey sampling is an important part of research in which it would be decided that what would be the criteria for selecting the people from different groups both they will be picked every which way or every 10th or twentieth listed in the telephone directory or other population statistical data catalog. The data gathering could be through teleph one, through internet and preferably by meeting them personally. The people can be accessed in the hospitals, clinics, offices or homes.After getting the entire questionnaire filled by the decided number of people, the attached step would be finding out the results. Once the results came out they can be analyze in different ways, with respect to race and ethnicity, with respect to age, with respect to gender or with respect to profession or locality. After analyzing the key findings of the results will be use to presenting result summary of the research. The key finding will help in formulating the strategies for the betterment of situation.there would be a discussion on the finding and proposed strategies as well as the impact of previous strategies. A conclusion would windup the research report. Contents of Research Thesis with Proposed References List In the beginning there would be an Abstract and Acknowledgement. The theses will be consisting of main chapters including Introdu ction, Background information and statistical Data, Research methodological analysis, Research Findings or Results of the Study, Discussion, Proposed Strategies, Conclusion and Appendix.The Introduction will throw light on the unharmed theses. It will contain basic information about the issue, the need and purpose of research study, its significance, and the outcome. The introduction is an important part of the thesis. It should be compact and comprehensive. In the next section Back ground Information and Statistical Data there would be complete factual information about the situation of healthcare disparities related to minorities. There would be history indicating that the problem is not very new but it has deep grow inside history.After history there will be present picture of the issue the ratio of different racial and ethnic groups in the population of United States and their health condition. The situation of present healthcare of minorities with regard to major diseases an d their respective treatment will also be including in the background information. The quality of medical care available for different ethnic and racial groups would be an important point to focus upon. The statistical data will comprise of charts and tables indicating different diseases among minorities and death rates compared with white people.The thirds section Research Methodology will describe the entire method of conducting research. It will include the problem statement, questionnaire, survey sampling, data gathering tools and methods. It will also inform about demography and geography of the people included in the study, the number of people questioned, the number of questions asked, the method of conducting survey either through telephone, internet, post or personal meetings. After the methodology, the next section will be the Research findings or Results of the Survey.In this section there would be included the statistical data that came out from the survey questionnaires . The opinion of people would be included in percentages with respect to their race, age, geography and profession or income group. The results will clarify the study finding and highlight the public opinion. The next section i. e. Discussion will contain the analysis of the findings of the survey. This is the main part of the theses where the result finding will be use to analyze the circulating(prenominal) situation and the impact of previously formulated strategies.The discussion will throw the light on the current condition of minority healthcare disparities. The discussion will be followed by the Proposed Strategies where there will be suggestions about the steps that could be taken in order to reduce the disparities in minority healthcare and to create better awareness in nation about the problem. In the Conclusion the whole thesis would be windup. It will be the end of research report which will sum up all the information, data, findings, discussion and proposals made within the theses.