Coffee †Espresso Essay

Coffee shop is one of the best places with an aura indirectly leading to soothing and meaningful conversations. It serves as a venue for personal and social business transactions. It is also a quite place to merely sit down and relax leaving voluminous loads on couches while taking a sip of everyone’s all time favourite, a cup of coffee. Never is it foreign that drinking coffee is by no means new to Filipino taste. In a manner of serving, at home, it is served during meal times while in the office, whether employees are time pressed or not, they always settle over a hot cup of coffee. The pleasure of drinking coffee sparks new creative blends for every coffee aficionado. With best technology ever, these blends are much easier to make for easy and affordable access to coffee lovers and to new ones. Clearly attributable to such coffee shops prestige is the good consumer demand. Increasingly, Filipino consumers are settling for a good coffee instead of alcohol on a night out. Coffee shops have become a status symbol for younger consumers and working people find these specialty coffee shops to be convenient places for afternoon business meetings. Region 12 is slowly taking the curve of global competition, with this, it is expected that its populaces join the bandwagon of total lifestyle change. Alongside of the changes, coffee turned out to be not just a typical beverage at home but a comparative substitute to other drinks offered in the market. Indeed, coffee shops’ coming into light offering coffee lovers their best products is quite a venture. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Industry Background Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) is a coffee industry. Coffee was the second world’s legally traded commodity. There are an estimated 25 million coffee growers around the world that are mostly small-scale farmers. Our country has two most prevalent varieties of coffee—Arabica and robusta. Other varieties are excelsa and liberica. In where the robusta accounts for 75% of the country’s total production, Arabica acconts for 5-10%, and excelsa and liberica accounts 15-20% according to statistics from the International Coffee Organization. It is estimated that around 300,000 Filipinos depend on the coffee industry. According to reports, coffee consumptions continue to increase. Experts predict that the level of consumption will follow population growth. Domestic consumption will also increase by 2. 25% per year. However, coffee production is hindered by the following factors: poor technical knowledge of the farmers in coffee growing and lack of farm-to-market roads to transport the harvested beans, and also old coffee trees also contribute to poor production. The government agencies such as the Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Trade and Industry, and even the local government put up financial to conduct a skills training/seminar in Ifugao because coffee industry is considered as a priority for the province. Name of the enterprise: As for the product name, we have come up for the product name that can describe one of our special coffees. We have applied the name in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and it was not found that it was not yet used by any other business entity yet. Business Name: Coffee Cocktail House USP: Great Taste Happens. Vision Coffee Cocktail House vision is to be the leader in the Cafeteria industry, building strong customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. We are certified quality coffee shop at a reasonable price of products, in a comfortable atmosphere, with exceptional service. Mission Coffee Cocktail House is established with the idea of promoting good relationships while sharing delicious and healthful coffee. It is committed to offer high quality products with the finest ingredients available, innovated, unique and exceptional taste with additional flavours that suits for the ultimate wants of the consumers. Location Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) will be located at the ground floor of the Fort Strip, Katipunan Circle, Fort Bonifacio Global City, Metro Manila, Taguig City, because it is one of the busiest places in Metro Manila and there’s an opportunity that we will get on the location. The location is highly accessible and visible for those who work beside the building and passers-by. The shop will be placed where there is several establishments such as mall, schools, call centers, business offices, and condominiums. Brief Description of the Project For our new business idea, our group have all concurred and agreed the best way to go about developing new concepts and ideas is nonetheless the one that complete the day of a human—coffee. So we decided to on putting-up our own coffee shop. Indeed, and furthermore, we have considered what kind of beverage that we could possibly develop by means of reinventing its taste, by making it more nutritious and ultimately breaking the way people look at it. Then it came to an idea of redesigning a kind of beverage that has been branded as traditional and existing since time immemorial, and also it must be a kind of beverage that people will love and like as well. Instead of doing a coffee alone, we came up to an idea of mixing coffee and alcohol. We arrived in this idea because some call center agents want to drink alcohol but we mix coffee on it for them to avoid drowsiness. We also consider some of the Filipinos are health conscious that’s why we came up to an idea on creating a healthy and nutritious but great tasting organic coffee. Project Long-Range Objectives: * To expand the business by having branches locally and abroad to serve the growing demands for the product and service. * To be known locally and internationally as a Coffee house serving unique and innovated flavours of coffee. * To be one of the most socially responsible business establishment and one of the most socially responsible business establishment and one of the most environment friendly business here in the country by using non-toxic materials and free pollution machineries. Limitation of the Project Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) will only hires a well experienced baristas to make a great taste of coffee and to make sure that we are ahead from the competitors. While the employees are on their work they should train the other to staff in different department so that in case that an employees will leave in some matter the other employee already know the what to do. In the initial year of the business we are not be able to expand our location because of lack of capital. Summary of Findings and Conclusion Marketing Feasibility. Coffee Cocktail House is creating a best Marketing Program in introducing our store especially in our products which caters our local coffees. Also we want to create unique promotional strategies to get our target market’s attention and build a relationship between them and compete in existing competition in the market. Not just serving them a plain coffee but letting them to realize that they’re more than a customer. Management Feasibility Coffee Cocktail house is aiming to manage well our customers both internally and externally. We are not only focusing on our customer’s satisfaction but also in our employee’s satisfaction. This store/establishment is line-type organization as an effective management structure in business. Every employee’s position is well organized from the managers down to waiters. Technical Feasibility In order to maintain the freshness of our product we get high-quality equipment, from machines in processing the products to the equipment in serving our customers and in the maintaining the cleanliness of our store. Financial Feasibility It will serve as an important factor in our business because we can see here the cash flows in operating our business. We can also see here if we gain profit or not also the financial performance and financial position of our business operation in terms of pesos and ratios that can be used in making decisions. CHAPTER 1: MARKETING ASPECT CHAPTER 1 MARKETING ASPECT PART I Introduction â€Å"Only one thing is certain about coffee†¦. Wherever it is grown, sold, brewed, and consumed, there will be lively controversy, strong opinions, and good conversation. † ~Mark Pendergrast Marketing is a very significant part in a body of a feasibility study. Where the 4 P’s of marketing is summarized here for the strategic purpose of the business. Manifestation part of the things needed to be implemented in the whole feasibility project. Coffee is had been part of our daily life. It is the first thing we did every morning. Almost people love to drink coffee and different mixes; they also love drinking coffee while chatting to each other. Marketing aspect is very essential part in establishing a business. It is said to be the life hood of virtually every project feasibility study without the market composed of demand and supply, there will never be a business the success of the business depends on the market. Objectives: * To achieve an effective marketing plan for the productivity of our business. * To be able to see the projection of our demand and supply in market. * To identify and assume what will be the strength and weaknesses of our business. Sampling Size Determination The sampling size will serves as a direction to determine the percentage of people’s demand. Formula: n=__N____ 1+Ne2 Where: n = sample size N = total population (108,769 being the total population of Fort Bonifacio with the nearest baranggay) E =margin of error (5%) Solution: n = 180,769_____ 1 + (180,769) (5%) n = 180, 769___ 1 + (180,769) (. 5) n = 399. 99 or 400 respondents. The 400 respondents will represent the four nearest barangays in the Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. The proponents conducted the survey on the nearest mall (Market Market! ) where the residents of Taguig usually always come. MARKET SURVEY Questionnaire Formulation Based on the distinguished needs and preferences about the coffee shop, residents qualified based on their demographic characteristics like age, gender, monthly income and allowance, and anything that makes them qualified as a respondent whether he or she drinks coffee. The questionnaires are collected, tabulated and analyzed for the interpretation of data gathered. Republic of the Philippines Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Business Coffee Shop Feasibility: Coffee-Cocktail House (CCH) Dear Respondents, We are students from Polytechnic University of the Philippines conducting research on our Feasibility Study: Coffee-Cocktail House. We would like to request you to answer our questionnaire. Rest assured that your answers will be kept confidentially. Thank You. The Researcher I. Personal Profile. Name (Optional):_________________________________________________________ Instruction: Check the space of your answer. 1. Gender: ? Male ? Female 2. Age: ? 18 – 24 ? 25 – 31 ? 32 – 38 ? 39 – 45 ? 46 – above 3. How much is your monthly income or monthly allowance? ? ? 1 – ? 10,000 ? ? 10,101 – ? 20,000 ? ? 20,201 – ? 30,000 ? ? 30,001 – ? 40,000 ? ? 40,001 – above II. All about coffee and coffee shop. 1. Do you drink coffee? ? Yes? No If yes, what brand of coffee do you purchase? ? Nescafe ? Kopiko ? Great taste coffee ? San Miguel coffee Others: (Specify) __________________________ 2. Do you go to a coffee shop to buy coffee? ? Yes? No 3. How often do you go to a coffee shop? ? Every day ? Every other day ? Weekly ? Monthly. ? Yearly Others: (Specify) _____________________ 4. How many cup/s of coffee do you buy/consume when you go to a coffee shop? __________ Instruction: You may check one or more. 5. If you go to a coffee shop, in what coffee shop do you buy? ? Starbucks ? Gloria Jean’s coffee shop ? Figaro ? Bo’s coffee shop ? Coffee bean and tea leaf ? Seattle best coffee ? Cafe de Lipa ? UCC Cafe plaza ? Cafe cap real ? McCafe of McDonalds ? Others: (Specify) _________________ 6. When do you usually go to a coffee shop? or Why? ? meeting ? break-time ? past-time ? dating Others: (Specify) .__________________ 7. In going to a coffee shop, whom do you come with? ? Co-workers/Officemates ? Clients ? Family Member ? Friends ? Boyfriend/Girlfriend ? I prefer going alone Others: (Specify)___________________ 8. What kind of coffee do you prefer? ? Hot? Cold 9. Do you drink coffee with†¦? ? Frappe ? Toppings ? Desert III. All about Coffee Cocktail House. 1. In going to our coffee shop @ the Bonifacio Global City, Fort Square, Taguig City, what is/are the coffee/s you are willing to buy, interested to try or not interested. Instruction: Please check the best answer. (*) Our Unique Offering. KINDS OF COFFEE| Willing to buy| Interested to try| Not interested at all| Hot Coffee| ? | ? | ? | Cold Coffee| ? | ? | ? | Frappe Coffee| ? | ? | ? | * Coffee Cocktail| ? | ? | ? | * Organic Coffee | ? | ? | ? | 2. What kind of * Coffee Cocktail do you prefer? ? Alcoholic* Coffee Cocktail ? Non-Alcoholic *Coffee Cocktail 3. What are the *Coffee Cocktail you are willing to buy, interested to try or not interested. (Alcoholic and Non-alcoholic drinks) KINDS OF COFFEE| Willing to buy| Interested to try| Not interested at all| * Coffee Infused Vodka| ? | ? | ? | * Spiked Coffee Ice Cream Dream| ? | ? | ? | * Chocolate Mocha-Tini| ? | ? | ? | 4. Do you prefer an organic coffee? ? Yes? No 5. What are the *Organic Coffee you are willing to buy, interested to try or not interested. (Fertilized or unfertilized) **most Unique offering as being the most expensive coffee in the world yet when roasted, it exudes an almost musical, fruity aroma. It has a strong, sweet, dark chocolatey taste that is perfect for that morning kick or high power meetings. Definitely a CLEAN CUP. KINDS OF COFFEE| Willing to buy| Interested to try| Not interested at all| *Rice Coffee| ? | ? | ? | *Corn Coffee| ? | ? | ? | *Coconut Coffee| ? | ? | ? | **Civet â€Å"Alamid† Coffee from Philippine’s finest Arabica, Liberica and Exelsa beans| ? | ? | ? | * Arabica, Liberica and Exelsa Coffee| ? | ? | ? | **********OThank YouO andOGOD bless YOUO********** O†Life is like a cup of coffee. † O -anonymous Survey analysis A part of the survey which all the data gathered was being analyzed for the justification of the objectives of the proponents. The proponents purposively collect more information about the business target market and consumer. It is to understand their needs and to know their perception on the business to be built. Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to gender. GENDER| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE (%)| MALE| 165| 41%| FEMALE| 235| 59%| TOTAL| 400| 100%| Figure 1: Gender of the respondents From above data, majority of our respondents are female which is 59% percent while only 41% are male. Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to age AGE| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| 18-24| 221| 55%| 25-31| 58| 14%| 32-38| 49| 12%| 39-45| 38| 10%| 46-above| 34| 9%| TOTAL| 400| 100%| Figure 2: Age of the respondents From data above, 55% of our respondents aged 18-24, 14% are aged 25-31, 12% are aged 32-38, 10% are aged 39-45 and 9% are aged 46 and above. Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to their monthly income MONTHLY INCOME| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| 1-10,000| 168| 42%| 10,001-20,000| 61| 15%| 20,001-30,000| 75| 19%| 30,001-40,000| 78| 19%| 40,001 and above| 18| 5%| TOTAL| 400| 100%| Figure 3: Respondent’s monthly income Data shows that our respondents 1-10,000 the highest percentage which is 42%, 20,001-30,000 and 30,001-40,000 which are 19%, 10,000-20,000 which is 15% and 40,001 and above which is 5%. Table 4: Distribution of respondents who drinks coffee COFFE DRINKERS| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| YES| 256| 64%|. NO| 144| 36%| TOTAL| 400| 100%| Figure 4: Respondents who drinks coffee Data shows that the majority of our respondents are coffee drinkers which is 64% and 36% are not. Table 5: Brand of coffee they buy in store BRAND OF COFFEE| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| NESCAFE| 235| 42%| KOPICO| 155| 28%| GREATE TASTE COFFEEE| 109| 19%| SAN MIGUEL COFFEE| 51| 9%| OTHERS| 9| 2%| TOTAL| 559| 100%| Figure 6: Particular brand the respondents buy From the data above, the highest brand of coffee they buy is Nescafe which is 42%, Kopiko which is 28%, Grate Taste which is 19%, San Miguel Coffee which is 9% and 2% from other brand. Table 7: Respondents who have been to coffee shop WHO HAVE BEEN TO COFFEE SHOP| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE| YES| 293| 73%| NO| 107| 27%| TOTAL| 400| 100%| Figure 7: Have you been to coffee shop? Data shows that 73% of our respondents have been to coffee shop and 27% are not. Table 8: How often do you drink coffee? TIMES THEY DRINK COFFEE| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| EVERYDAY| 136| 46%| EVERY OTHER DAY| 61| 21%| WEEKLY | 69| 24%| MONTHLY| 12| 4%| YEARLY| 9| 3%| OTHERS| 6| 2%| TOTAL| 293| 100%| Figure 9: How often they drink to coffee shop. Data shows that 46% of our respondents drink coffee to coffee shop everyday, 24% weekly, 21% every other day, 4% monthly, 3%yearly and 2% from the others. Table 10: How many cups they consume in the coffee shop? NOS. OF CUPS THEY CAN CONSUME| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| ONE| 149| 47%| TWO| 122| 38%| THREE| 24| 8%| FOUR| 8| 2%| FIVE| 10| 3%| SIX| 6| 2%| TOTAL| 319| 100%| Figure 10: How many cups they consume in the coffee shop? Data shows that 47% of respondents can consume only one, 38% can consume 2 cups, 8% can consume 3 cups, 3% can consume five cups, and 2% can consume four and six cups. Table 11: What particular coffee shop they go and buy coffee? COFFEE SHOPS| FREQUENCY(F)| PERCENTAGE(P)| STARBUCKS| 88| 30%| GLORIA JEAN’S COFFEE SHOP| 14| 5%| FIGARO| 44| 15%| BO’S COFFEE SHOP| 18| 6%| COFFEE BEAN AND TEA LEAF| 23| 8%| SEATTLE BEST COFFEE| 16| 3%| CAFE DE LIPA| 9| 3%| MCCAFE| 57| 19%| OTHERS| 24| 6%| TOTAL| 293| 100%| Figure 11: What particular coffee shop they go and buy coffee? Data shows that 30% of the respondents go to Starbucks, 19% at Mc Cafe, 15% at Figaro, 8% at Coffee Bean and Leaf Tea, 6% at Bo’s Coffee shop and Seattle Best Coffee, 5% at Gloria Jean’s Coffee Shop,3% at Cafe de Lipa and 30% from the others. Table 12: What is the reason/s why they go to coffee shop? Data shows72% of the respondents prefer to drink organic coffee and 28% don’t want to buy drink organic coffee. MARKETING ASPECT – PART II A. Product/Service Description The product is the mean of this project, because it is the one that will be to offer to the customer, while, the service is the focus of this project, because this will complete the satisfaction to the customer. At the Fort Strip in the Fort Bonifacio, the proposed Coffee Cocktail House is settled at a 58 sq. m.inside of a three storey building in Katipunan Circle. As the business was being projected inside of the Fort Bonifacio Global City where most of the population are employees and students, good ambiance, peace and pleasing place of a House as good as a house can satisfy them, a house with different kinds of chairs, different interior, different exterior and different service that will surely satisfy the wants of the customer. Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) offer coffee mostly which are: hot coffee, cold coffee, frappuccino, and coffee cocktail and organic coffee, which we uniquely offer to the market. As one of the store’s unique offering, we use coffee cocktail itself for the store name which is Coffee Cocktail House. We also offer cakes and pastries which is good combination to coffee and also Filipino delicacies. B. Location Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) will be located at the ground floor of the Fort Square, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, because it is one of the busiest places in Metro Manila and there’s an opportunity that we will get on the location. The location is highly accessible and visible for those who work beside the building and passers-by. The shop will be placed where there is several establishments such as mall, schools, call centers, business offices, and condominiums. C. Name of the enterprise As for the product name, we have come up for the product name that can describe one of our special coffees. We have applied the name in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and it was not found that it was not yet used by any other business entity yet. a. Business Name: Coffee Cocktail house b. USP: Great Taste Happens c. Business Logo: Many of the business man and also those who are business minded person think a lot of ideas and most of them uses a trade mark that is 100% connected to their offering, either product or service, to be able to recognize easily. Speaking of trademark, the proponents have come up with this simple trade mark using the company name itself which have a unique style and indeed an attention-catcher because of the color used. Here are the meanings of the colors and symbols that were used to the trademark that the company came up with: Cream (Originated from Yellow which means full of creative and intellectual energy) is a clean light yellow clears the mind, making it active and alert. Brown associated with the material side of life. It gives comfortable feeling of naturalness. Red is the color of blood, and as such has strong symbolism as life and vitality. It also represents the passion of the staffs. Circles symbolize unity, wholeness, infinity and protection. Pentagram (represents the house) can also be a star because of its five-points. It is a symbol of life and perfection. White Cup symbolizing the professionalism of the product and definitely a â€Å"Clean Cup† and a clean working area. Smokes symbolizes that the coffee is always freshly gourmet and also has a pleasing aroma to the nose. D. Nature of the Business For our new business idea, our group have all concurred and agreed the best way to go about developing new concepts and ideas is nonetheless the one that complete the day of a human—coffee. So we decided to on putting-up our own coffee shop. Indeed, and furthermore, we have considered what kind of beverage that we could possibly develop by means of reinventing its taste, by making it more nutritious and ultimately breaking the way people look at it. Then it came to an idea of redesigning a kind of beverage that has been branded as traditional and existing since time immemorial, and also it must be a kind of beverage that people will love and like as well. Instead of doing a coffee alone, we came up to an idea of mixing coffee and alcohol. We arrived in this idea because some call centre agents want to drink alcohol but we mix coffee on it for them to avoid drowsiness. We also consider some of the Filipinos are health conscious that’s why we came up to an idea on creating a healthy and nutritious but great tasting organic coffee. E. Limitation of the Project Coffee Cocktail House (C2H) will only hires a well experienced baristas to make a great taste of coffee and to make sure that we are ahead from the competitors. While the employees are on their work they should train the other to staff in different department so that in case that an employees will leave in some matter the other employee already know the what to do. In the initial year of the business we are not be able to expand our location because of lack of capital. F. G. Project Time Table. Project Time Table Description July 2012 to October 2012 – Feasibility Study Conceptualization about what kind of business should we study. Having a feasibility about the product; conducting survey on the location; Planning on how to promote and what is the demand and supply on it. How were the market aspect, management aspect, technical aspect, financial aspect and social aspect of the feasibility? October 2012 to January2013 – Putting-up Capitalization The proponents will be invested for the capital, amounting P 1,000,000. 00. January 2013 to April 2013 – Registration and Licensing Registering and licensing company. Secure all the permit of the business for its maintenance. February 2013 to April 2013 – Renovation of the Project Location The business location will be develops. Buying the equipments and needed tools. April 2013 to May 2013 – Hiring The company will hire expert baristas because we don’t enough money for the training. The proponents will also work as a manager to save money. – Opening of the coffee shop The store launching will start after the hiring of the baristas and crews. April 2013 to December 2013 – Marketing Program The Marketing Program will aims to simplify and demonstrate strategies that are needed to reach all its marketing potential even to exceed the potential of its market. January 2014 – Product New Ideas Having new ideas to promote and increase the demand for coffee. I. Market Segmentation A. Target market Our target market is aged 18 years old and above particularly young professionals who are working near our stores. They are the one who need our products and the one who can afford to buy our products. There are a lot of people who are passing by in our location and there are some who are just passersby. They are all are potential and target consumer who are possibly will buy some of our products. a. Demographic Characteristics Specifically it is for those 18 years old and above both male and female. Students who have allowance (from 1-5000php and above per month) looking for a convenient place to hang out with their friends and family. There are a lot of young professionals who are working near the Coffee Cocktail House. They are the persons earning 1-10,000php per month who belong to the class C to upper B. b. Psychographic Characteristics Since the target market are young professionals they are in the stage of buying what they want and doing the thing they have not experience when they are studying. They want a place that is relaxing before and after working hours. They are the type of people who are willing to buy a product that suit to their personalities yet affordable. Most of them are health conscious and smart street people looking for every benefit and satisfaction of a product to them. c. Buyer Behaviour Characteristics They are coffee drinker who used coffee as part of their daily routine. It is those people who believe that a cup of coffee will help them to enlighten and cope up for the whole day. They have that belief it will help people to stay awake for a longer hours. II. Competitor’s Analysis Purposively the proponents of this feasibility study wanted to know their possible competitor in the coffee industry especially we wanted to know our competitor within the business location. It aims to perceive the competitor’s capacity along the journey of our business. A. List of Competitors Listing and identifying every competitor we have in the market and within the area of Coffee Cocktail House. Identifying the competitor USP and why the consumers continually patronize their products. a. Direct Competitors Figaro – soon to open at the same area who offers coffee products with its healthy benefits and they have different side dishes and main courses. Coffee vending machines – that offer cheaper brewed coffee. We only have one competitor within the specific location of the coffee shop at the Fort Strip. The Cafe Puccini offering a coffee products and their specialty dish the Italian pasta. b. Indirect Competitors We also have our indirect competitors who used to sell coffee products but it wasn’t their specialization service or product. Retail sachet or instant coffee at the market. 1. Nescafe – which got in our survey that proves their being no.

Accounting Is an Information System That Identifies

A objectives and the roles of financial accounting â€Å"Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. †1. The basic objective of accounting is to provide information to the interested users to enable them to make business decisions and â€Å"Financial statements are the primary means of communicating financial information to parties outside the business organization. †2. Moreover, accounting can give the essential information, especially for the â€Å"external users, is given in the basic financial statements: Profit and loss statement and Balance sheet. 3 On the other hand, accounting can give addition information to the internal user: for example the marketing managers, the supervisor of production, finance directors, and the officers of company. Now, I would like to discuss the people who are using the financial reporting. I had said this on the the above paragraph. There a re external and internal users. First, I would like to introduce the external users. Investors or those owners will be examples of external users. They need to rely on the financial accounting report to make a correct decision to buy, hold or sell stock.And other external user will be the creditors. Suppliers and bankers for examples. They use the financial report to calculate the chance of giving credit or borrowing cash. The supplies and bankers will ask some questions: â€Å"Is the enterprise earning satisfactory income? † or â€Å"Is the company profitability when compare with the competitors which are in the similar size? † or â€Å"Will the company get enough ability to pay its? †. All the question can be answered by the financial report. Therefore, the financial report gives a strong confidence to those supplies and the bankers.Furthermore, taxing authorities will be another external user. Because of the IRS(Internal Revenue Service), need to find out whe ther the companies obeys â€Å"the tax laws. Regulatory agencies, for instances the securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, want to know whether the company is operating within prescribed rules. †4 Customers will be another external user. Through the financial report, Customer want to know information about the endurance of an company, especially when they want to have a long term investment with company.The Government will be another external user. Why I say so? This is because governments want to know the distribution of financial resource. Moreover governments want to know the company’s activities. Governments need addition information to handle the financial activities of company. The last but not leash external user will be the public. The companies influence the public in many different channels. For instance, companies will make a lot of economic contribution to the society. There are a lot of person who are employed be the company. Financial statements may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments in the success of the company and the range of its activities â€Å"5. Another external user will be the Lenders. Lenders will want to know information that let them to find whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due. At this time, I would like to introduce the internal users of accounting information are managers who plan, organize, and run a business. These include a lot of person. First, Employees want to know information about their job.The stability and profitability of their employers. This is because employees want to know about whether their employers can sustain their salaries. They are want to know information which let them to enjoy the ability of the company to provide retreat benefits and employment opportunities. Of course the manager will be another internal user. This is because manager needs to relay on the financial accou nting report to set up the policy of the company. They need to base on the report to find out the profitability. Is the profit can sustain the whole company?Through the report, the manager can change the policy of the business company in order to gain the highest profit, for example, change the supplies which are in a lower cost. The role of financial reporting is to tell those stakeholders about the financial position and the condition of the economic unit or a business company. Because of financial report provides the information, stakeholders can make decisions about future investments Financial reporting is critical in making effective stock investment decisions. When the people do not read the financial report, his or her investment will become a gambling.The financial report includes the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, retaining earning statement and financial position statement. Combining all of them, will give you a clear image of the financial conditio n of the company. In order to deduce the future of the companies. I think finance market needs financial reporting. However, before my discussion, I want to introduce what is finance market first. â€Å"A financial market is a market in which people and entities can trade financia:6 source of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand .As I mention before, financial reports give the financial information to all the people in the financial market, such as supplies, the lenders and shareowners. Therefore, the financial report is necessary for the financial marketing. As far as I am concerned, financial market is a fair place for trading the economic materials. Financial report will become the reference for those enterprises which ready for trading so that the enterprise can find the most suitable one for trading. Through the economic material trading.This can make the financial market more sustainable due to the cash flow through the market. At last, as I said this before: financial accounting report show all the details of the financial position of the company: The revenue and the expense. Therefore, the company can get the information about the place where the cash spend on. Thus, the company can check out whether the allocation of the resource and redistribute the resources efficiently. Take a easy example, when a company spend extra expense on their supply such as stationery last year.The company can spend less on it next year. And it is a sample but good example for the role of financial accounting to assist in efficient allocation. Reference:1. Accounting principles Weygandt Kieso Kimmel 2. http://memberfiles. freewebs. com/45/34/63343445/documents/Financial%20Accounting. pdf 3. http://dilipchandra12. hubpages. com/hub/Role-of-Accounting 4. http://www. ecampus. com/hospitality-financial-accounting-2nd/bk/9780470083604 5. http://www. ecampus. com/hospitality-financial-accounting-2nd/bk/9780470083604 6.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay The report details the review done in the area of anti-jerk control of vehicles. It explains the phenomenon of driveline oscillations excited due to torsion of driveline at high engine torques causing unwanted longitudinal oscillations in vehicle body. Report starts with a broad introduction to the topic and lays down the aims and objectives of the research project. The aims and objectives of the project are to design an active feedback control for an electric motor of a hybrid electric vehicle to damp these undesirable oscillations. A summary review of previous research work done in this area is presented which defines the starting point of the project. Different techniques used for anti-jerk control in conventional vehicle are discussed. Basic approach to model based control design is presented in the report. An introduction to hybrid electric vehicle driveline and description of its components different from conventional vehicle is shown. The report also lays down the procedure o f the work to be followed for the research project with a project plan. INTRODUCTION The increasing pressure of protecting the natural environment and to decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources of energy has encouraged vehicle manufacturers to develop more clean and efficient power systems. As a result Hybrid vehicles are hot topic for research among vehicle manufacturers. Efforts are being made to make the vehicles more fuel efficient with high performance and minimum CO2 emissions. Diesel hybrids are considered as next big thing among ecological designs since diesel engines are 20 % – 30% more fuel efficient than their petrol counterparts. Nowadays noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) issues have become more important for a customer such that there are very stringent requirements for noise or vibration in a vehicle. Driveability of a vehicle is majorly impacted by NVH problems and is strongly felt as vehicle’s performance during various manoeuvres such as ac celeration, braking, gear change etc. Thus vehicle manufacturers and OEM’s have realized the importance of NVH issues and target to identify the root cause of vibration and incorporate the correcting measures at early stages of manufacturing with a main goal to refine the ride and driveability of a vehicle. These days’ efforts are being made to increase the performance of vehicles and to make them more fuel efficient by using different techniques and one of the techniques is electrification of various systems in a vehicle. Electronic power assist steering system, electric active roll control, electronic differential, brake by wire are some of the examples of electrification of vehicle systems. This kind of methodology becomes more evident in case of hybrid electric vehicles where electric power components including power electronics are integral part of the powertrain. It has been observed that using these electrification techniques not only helps in increasing the per formance of the vehicle but also makes them more fuel efficient. Thus the electrification in a diesel hybrid powertrain to improve the driveability of vehicle forms the main platform for this research project. Problem Statement One of the major NVH issues in automobiles is torsional vibrations of driveline. The torsion of drivetrain at high engine torques causes oscillations in driveline. These oscillations are generally excited by various sources such as rapid or sudden load/torque change, gear change and unevenness of road surface. These oscillations cause longitudinal acceleration in vehicle structure and passenger compartment of the vehicle, which reduces the comfort and driveability of the vehicle and are experienced as unwanted jerking by the driver and passengers. These type of driveline oscillations are termed as Jerking, which is the main focus of this research.

Movie Indusrty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Movie Indusrty - Essay Example The colleges offer specialized courses where students are imparted with skills relative to their interests. Professionals with perfected skills make the movie industry more reliable (Lumet, 2003). Secondly, education enhances growth of skill. To become a good actor or actress, one needs to work hard towards perfecting his/her performance. Talent is important for an actor or actress and school only enhances the individual’s ability to take a part and be it. It assists a person to perfect his act. To become a good director, one also needs to be a good manager as they are supposed to manage the movie making process. Directors supervise everything from the financials of the casting and shooting to the actors and actresses, until the movie is completed and is ready for viewing. Producers require a good eye for detail. They need to be well trained in the arts. To be a good producer, he or she should be a good decision maker and a prompt thinker. There are other professions in the movie industry as it is in other industries, such as accountants, business managers, talent scouts and agents (Goldman, 2007). The movie industry is a billion dollar industry and more often than not, professionals give back to the communities in terms of donations, scholarships and even inspiration. There are other ways in which the educational sector benefits but these are among the direct benefits (Medavoy & Young, 2010). In conclusion, it is right to note that the movie industry has benefited most from the educational sector and will continue to do so as more breakthroughs in arts and science come about. The educational sector will also continue to enjoy kick backs from the movie industry as it produces more and more professionals for the movie

The Economic Value of Sports on National Development Research Paper - 4

The Economic Value of Sports on National Development - Research Paper Example t can be stated that in the year 2004, the approximated amount of gross domestic sports product in the United States was $213 billion (Walker and Enz, 2012, p. 149). The commercialization is rapid, income generation is solid but one contrary argument is that whether this revenue generation is equally distributed and leads to the national development of a nation in true sense of term as viewed from welfare dimension. Thesis: Interdependence between economic activities and sports have contributed to the rise in the values of various economic parameters and thus sports imparts a positive economic value to national development. Sports acts as an aggravator of employment opportunities. The fact that sports provides employment opportunities will be backed by evidences with respect to a mega sporting event in the United States of America and that is American Hockey League (AHL). Even a minor hockey team in Springfield, Massachusetts which is the home to the Springfield Falcons team imparts a positive impact on employment dynamics. Publicity perk is an intangible element which stirs up employment generation with this sport. A team participating in the AHL with 26 other teams certainly enjoys the brand value as well recognition in the surrounding market places. The local media like newspapers, tabloids, sports magazines and advertisement fronts like league standings, banners, and advertising literature and so on vehemently markets the aura of this mega event. The Springfield Falcons have around ten full time employees and during the league matches it hire additional twenty five part time employees for around fo rty home games on an annual basis. The Mutual Mass Center where the home games are usually played around 130 part time employees are hired for game nights. These part time employees are absorbed as â€Å"ice crews, ushers, ticket takers, concession takers, concession workers, scoreboard operators, camera operators, firefighters, police officers, and security

Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers - Essay Example The role of each of the four management functions in the daily managerial work is discussed below. Planning is necessarily management’s foundational function which â€Å"provides the design of a desired future state and the means of bringing about that future state to accomplish the organization's objectives† (Wijesinghe, 2011). Plans have to be made on a daily basis as new challenges emerge. Once the decision has been made, the manger assesses the required resources, and recruits the missing ones accordingly. Recruitment allows a manager to evaluate the skills of candidates through formal hiring procedures like interview or test in order to bring new employees on board so that the workforce is equipped with the competences that are demanded by the task at hand. It is recommendable to have a pre-planning session as it can prove a wonderful time saver (Rowland, 2001, p. 4). Senior management can complete a SWOT analysis before the commencement of planning process. The fu nction of organizing requires a manager to allocate appropriate resources to the tasks for their accomplishment. This is commonly achieved with the help of organizational charts that clearly depict the levels of authority and the accorded areas of responsibility. Day-to-day operations are governed by rightly marked lines of communication between the various organizational personnel.

Organizational Assessment of Human Impact Preparedness for Essay

Organizational Assessment of Human Impact Preparedness for Organizational Crisis - Essay Example History can be attributed to the acknowledgement of a fact that disasters and crises occur and the people possess a robust potential in neutralizing and overcoming them. The hazards and disasters be it natural or within an organizational structure by technical factors requires overcoming the situation as people’s lives are associated with it and human resource can be regarded as indispensible assets in the smooth functioning of the organizations in the society. The world has seen the tragic events of Bhopal gas tragedy and that of the Exxon Valdez oil spill which took away the lives of a large number of people and also represents the lack of proper emergency planning. The mutual cooperation among the organizations can be regarded as basic criteria for overcoming the aftermath of the disasters. The relationships should be developed on an ad-hoc basis through synchronized planning. There is a common prevalent proverb that, â€Å"When you hear the thunder, it’s too late t o build an ark† (Emergency Planning, 2005, p.8). The statement leads us to the formation of a notion that we should be always prepared for countering disaster and crisis situation. Possessing a formal and well formulated emergency plan will be directing towards the provision of several reactions from the side of an organization which will lead to the establishment of recovery and eliminating adversities. The emergency systems will have to inculcate with developed training components which will lead to the minimization in the loss of life, injury and that of property loses. The emergency systems possess the capacity of generating disruption defenses which helps an organization to adhere to its mission of optimally serving its clients within real time. The requirement of emergency planning is immense in that the planners involved in them will be guided by some basics for the proper execution. At the core, the

Global Issues in Youth and Community Development Essay

Global Issues in Youth and Community Development - Essay Example One of the ways this is achieved is through enhancement of local-global development themes that can be practiced locally through learning from the larger global context; this is particularly because globalization has transformed the world into a ‘global village’ (Sallah, 2014, p.6). Technological developments in communication now enables youth across the world to learn from each other and interact in real time through social networks and other platforms that are increasingly being used to enhance community development education (Bourn and McCollum, 1995, p.26). The main theme under discussion in this paper and for which an education manual will be prepared is self-enhancement of youth through small and micro enterprise. Self-enhancement of youth through enterprise is a theme that has been promoted and encouraged in the local and global contexts in many countries across the globe (Bourn, 2008, p.11). As indicated above, many programs and projects continue to emerge in both developed and developing countries across the world with the aim of streamlining the energy and innovativeness of youth towards socio-economic development (Cohen et al., 2013). Globalization and the internet have brought about the concept of the ‘global village’, this is based on the fact that is now possible for communication to take place between people globally in real time. Young people can therefore be able to learn what their peers are doing at the local level in other parts of the world while they are also able to share their activities through the sam e channel to a global audience (Sallah, 2014, p.8). This implies that youth can learn from each other globally as well as locally with regard to development of small and micro enterprises for their socio-economic enhancement and advancement of their communities. Youth self-enhancement through enterprise is a significantly useful theme as it targets the most active and viable portion of

Working with Federal Reserve's Publications Research Paper

Working with Federal Reserve's Publications - Research Paper Example 5). This paper is aimed at describing Federal Reserve’s views regarding various economic perspectives in recent times. These economic perspectives include current level of inflation, Federal Reserve’s assessment of the current economic activity and financial markets, and the monetary policy tools the Federal Reserve uses to stabilize the economy and maintain price stability in the country. Federal Reserve’s assessment of current economic activities and financial markets: The Federal Reserve holds a very positive view regarding the current economic activities and the current condition of the financial market of the country. The chairman of the Fed, Dr. Ben S. Bernanke, has argued that after the global financial crisis of 2007-08, the American economy is experiencing greater volume of economic activities. These activities include both greater production and consumption of goods and services across the country and also greater volume of monetary and financial transa ctions through financial intermediaries of the country. Disturbances in the financial markets of the country, including mainly the markets for houses, loans, and mortgages, have created greater problems in the country by reducing the volume of economic activities in the country. The crisis has created problems for private as well as public sector businesses, mainly for financial companies to increase their level of profits or even to stay in the business. But during the period of end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, the US government and the Fed took various fiscal as well as monetary policies which have helped economic agents in the country to increase the volume of economic activities and to increase country’s rate of growth of aggregate and per capita income along with the level of unemployment. The most important fiscal policy that has been implemented by the US government is reducing the level of government expenditure. This has helped the country to reduce the level o f budget deficit and fiscal deficit. According to the Fed the country is experiencing greater economic activities in terms of greater production of goods and services and greater stability in the financial market of the country compared to the period of global financial crisis. This greater stability has helped the country raise the level of investment in production of goods and services and also in research and developmental improvements of existing technologies of the country. The rate of aggregate income is expected to catch up with pre-recession period’s rates within 2013 and the per capita income growth rate is expected to increase at the rate of China’s per capita income growth rate (Bernanke, 2009, p. 1). Federal Reserve’s assessment of current inflation: The level of inflation has been very high since 2007. Due to this consumers are not capable of purchasing costliest goods and services and hence business organizations which are engaged in production of these goods and services are leaving the industry. Again this is reducing the level of income in the country and hence the level of demand for necessary goods and service. The Fed is expecting inflation to be subdued in the next few years because of weaker level of real economic activities prevailing in the country. It is expecting to have a lower level of inflation rate in 2013 which might lead to an increase in the volume of economic activities in the country. The Fed is expecting that the current rate of change in overall prices is expected to fall to 1 to 2 percent from its current level of 3 percent within five years. According to the Fed the declining trend in prices of energy resources and other commodities will gradually help the economy to implement stricter monetary and fiscal policies being aimed at

Can environmental factors acting on organisms lead to inherited Essay

Can environmental factors acting on organisms lead to inherited changes in phenotype in descendant - Essay Example Any ecosystem is composed of Abiotic and Biotic components. The Abiotic components include the atmosphere, where air acts as a medium, lithosphere and hydrosphere. The nature of the response of the organisms to these Abiotic factors depends on the essential factors and limiting factors. The response is best explained rather by ecological theories like Liebig-Blackman Law of Limiting factors and Shelford's Law of Tolerance. The Biotic components are composed of the biotic community each with an ecological niche influenced by community evolution, succession, growth, regulation and interactions. The ecological genetics is thus, a product of interactions of organisms with these Abiotic and biotic factors with the elements of adaptation, natural selection and speciation largely influenced by the ecological dynamics of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Thus, inherited changes in a phenotype depends on gravity of these interactions and the potential of these factors to cause a genomic change or a mutation. It is worthy to mention the role of Ecological pollution as a potential and vital factor in this process of genomic change today. Ecological pollution is one of the vital factors causing genomic changes or mutation, which is being carried through the generations. Thus, these pollutants act as potential mutagens. ... More than 65,000 chemicals are currently in use in U.K with which human beings come into constant contact. Many of these chemicals are harmful and pose a serious health hazard. Numerous chemicals have been designated as hazardous to biological system and these chemicals pose an occupational health hazard to workers who are constantly in contact with them. These chemicals are often toxic, mutagenic/carcinogenic, causing serious diseases like Cancer and disabilities of various kinds. Even children born to women working in nickel refinery have been found to have Genital malformations. Industrial units that release toxic gases like Sulphur di oxide, Nitrogenous compounds and Mercurial derivatives contribute to air pollution to a great extent. The automobile exhaust fumes rich in carbon monoxide harms the oxygen binding mechanism in human blood. Welding is another industrial important contributor in which metal or other thermoplastic materials are joined together by the application of heat or pressure. This process produces gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene and tungsten. (Palmer .T, 2006) The gas and chemical pollutants primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration. The deposition of these inhaled particles in the lungs is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions including Asthma and Cancer depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. Even babies in the womb have been found to be susceptible than their mothers to DNA damage from air pollution, despite the added protection of the

Activity Based Costing Essay Example for Free

Activity Based Costing Essay Activity based costing (ABC) is a relative new way to allocate costs to specific processes and services. This system assures that the costs are accurately distributed to the products or services that generated them. ABC illustrates costs more accurately, giving management insight to the cost associated with certain business activities. ABC extends the decision-making skills of management by expanding on traditional costing (job order costing/process order costing) techniques. However, since ABCs introduction in the 1980s, many corporations are not using ABC, despite gained managerial decision making capabilities. Even by the mid-1990s, ABCs use has not spread throughout the accounting industry and its use is not obvious (Selto Jasinski, 1996). The following article will discuss the pros and cons of the ABC method. ABC is an extension of traditional product costing techniques. These techniques are called job order costing and process order costing. A job order costing system arranges costs for each unit as it goes through a production process. A process cost system collects costs in work in progress account. The numbers of units worked are recorded for the accounting period. These systems alone do not accurately illustrate costs incurred. Instead, these two costing techniques generally lump costs into 3 main categories (cost centers). These three categories are direct materials, direct labor and overhead. Cost drivers are then assigned to represent the relationship between the cost and the process it is allocated to. ABC provides a better map of the costs of manufacturing products or distributing services. ABC uses a multitude of activity centers, which are the equivalent to the previously mentioned traditional cost centers. Each of these activity centers has its own cost driver and driver rate. ABC identifies many different costs to products by adjusting the cost driver and driver rates to specific activity centers. This process avoids across the board allocations of cost. For example, a product, which takes up .03% of space in the warehouse, would require .03% cost absorbed by product sales revenue. If the depreciation unit requires 5% cost to replace equipment at a latter date, 5% is the driver rate for that particular product. Unit, batch  and product level costs can be determined with ABC. The following steps can summarize the ABC process. The first step is to identify the activities that consume resources and allocate costs to those activities. For example, purchasing materials, record keeping, labor, materials, miles driven, machine hours and number of customers served are activities, which consume resources and needs costs to be assigned to them. The second step is to distinguish the cost drivers that are related to each activity. For example, if machine hours an activity used in the process, then the number of hours used in production of one unit would be the particular cost driver rate. The last step is to allocate costs to products by multiplying the cost driver rate by the number of cost driver units consumed by the process. There are many inherent strengths in the ABC model. The ABC model allows costs to be allocated to many different activity centers. Few corporations can focus on undifferentiated product lines and be successful. Having multiple product lines means the company has multiple cost drivers associated with each different product line. ABC is helpful in selecting which products are successful and which ones should be eliminated. Accurate cost information is key in determining the actual costs of frequent product changes. This cost is important because costs can be a good indicator of the justification or termination of varying product lines. Product lines have become more complex. Product lines of past were much simpler. For example, the Model T Ford came in one style and one color, black. Today, Ford cars have many different colors and styles. These different styles all have different cost drivers and activity centers. ABC illuminates hidden costs when high volume sales are not present and product differentiation is. This is advantageous because unprofitable lines can be replaced with lines that are profitable. Not many years ago, labor comprised 25 to 50 percent of a products cost. However, since the 1960s, labor is increasingly less involved in the  production process. For example, the textile industry replaced 100-year old shuttle looms for European air-jet looms, doubling output with less labor. In steel, the Nucor corporation used continuous casting machines to yield labor costs of $60/ton verses traditional steels $130/ton. Labor cost today is infrequently the driving force behind costs it was during the development period of cost accounting (1930s). Instead, indirect costs have replaced labor as the dominant portion of costs for some products (Kelly, 1991). To use labor as the major basis for allocating as job costing or process costing accounting does, may lead to inaccurate decisions by management. The accounting profession has largely overlooked ABC. Among reasons cited for low adoption were employee resistance and the organizational changes essential with the use of ABC (Ness Cucuzza, 1995). Some trace the source of hindered adoption of ABC to technical as well as cultural issues. Others feel that ABC would be more widespread in industry if it were marketed better by the accounts themselves (Brausch, 1992). There are several reasons for ABC low adoption rate. Complexity is an obstacle to implementing ABC. ABC requires detailed records of the costs associated with producing products and services as compared to traditional methods. This detailed record keeping requires more effort from the accountants and is more time consuming. The complexity of ABC can contribute to more errors. ABC can require more time to check and recheck to uncover errors. ABC generally requires more effort on the part of the accountant verses traditional methods and reduces the adoption rate of ABC. Another reason for not using ABC is the increased economies of scale. Many corporations are standardizing their products to reduce the costs to manufacture them. For example, Coca-Cola distributes its products in many different countries. The product varies very little in respect to packaging and manufacturing. Traditional methods of accounting can assign costs more easily, quickly and accurately for those products that have little or no product variation. ABC is a valuable tool in calculating the costs of producing varying product  lines. These differing product lines require more extensive accounting practices than traditional costing methods provide. The information obtained from ABC can help promote product lines that managers feel are profitable between those which should be eliminated. Labor is less frequently the major ingredient in the production process. ABC addresses this concern by examining and illustrating the overhead costs associated with particular activity centers. ABC describes these over head costs more accurately and is beneficial when increasingly more complex manufacturing processes are used. Adoption issues should be addressed to implement ABC method when costing decisions matter to managers. Bibliography: ReferencesBrausch, J.M. Selling ABC: New Cost Systems Can Flounder if They Are Not Marketed. Management Accounting, February 1992, pp. 42-46. Geishecker, M.L. New Technologies Support ABC. Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 42-48. Kelly, K. A Bean-Counters Best Friend. Business Week, October 25, 1991, pp. 42-43. Ness, J.A. and T.G. Cucuzza. Tapping the Full Potential of ABC. Harvard Business Review, July/August 1995, pp. 130-131. Selto, F.H. and D.W. Jasinski. ABC and High Technology: A Story with a Moral. Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 37-40. 17

Thomas Hardys Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hardys Essay In chapter 6, we learn that Bathsheba has inherited her uncles farm, which was very unusual, Tisnt a master, tis a mistress, shepherd. Lately came here from a distance. Took on her uncles farm, who suddenly died. Men would normally benefit rather than a women, and landowners and workers did not view her as the best prospect for the farm to begin with, one of the reasons given in chapter 45 was, she is too young and beautiful. Even Gabriel felt she was unable to manage without him, How would the farm go on with nobody to mind it but a woman. In chapter 10, she forms a resolution to run the farm without a bailiff, the workers were very amazed, She would hopefully be better than a man in the role, she promised, in order that they will have confidence in her abilities despite her being a female. In chapter 12, Bathsheba attends the corn market. Although she is dainlty dressed she is determined to brave the stares and drive hard bargains. Nearly every face turned towards her, except for which she noticed was Boldwood who didnt seem to recognize her. Now she saw him as a challenge. Going into chapter 19, Boldwoods proposal and the promises he offers would have been seen as very advantageous to her, from the view point of the society, but she turns him down, saying she wants to marry for love. However, sending the Valentine card to him has restricted her, she has had to pay the consequences and could not have turned down the proposal fully as she did with Gabriel, She had a strong feeling that having been the one who began the game, she ought in honesty to accept the consequences. There had been a second proposal from Boldwood in chapter 23, and still Bathsheba was unable to deny the proposal, Hardy even suggests she felt a, fearful joy about the situation she was in. From then on she is trapped by her behaviour, even when she marries Troy, and when he goes missing Boldwood negotiates a further marriage promise. In chapter 26, Troy is flattering Bathsheba so much that, she becomes feverish. At first she tries to behave towards Troy with a sense of independence in her, but to the end of chapter 27 she is agreeing to meet him without a chaperone, Well, I wont bring Liddy and Ill come. But only for a short time, a very short time. Bathsheba is reacting very differently to the passion offered by Troy. Bathsheba changes she becomes powerless to withstand or deny him. She loses her sense of control and becomes the opposite of herself. In chapter 34, Boldwood pleads with Troy to save Bathshebas reputation by marrying her, which indicates how much regard the Victorian society put on a womans reputation as a virgin, Oh, How can she be saved now, unless I marry her? says as he teases Boldwood. Later, we learn that Bathsheba has married Troy. In this marriage she has lost her role as a mistress of the farm. After the marriage Troy has already started ordering Bathsheba by telling her and the rest of the women to go home so the men can carry on drinking, well send the women folk home! Tis time they were in bed. Then we cockbirds will have a jolly carouse to ourselves! . This direction undermines Bathsheba in front of her workers, but it also puts the farm in jeopardy because the workers are too drunk to save the hay from the storm. In chapter 37 we find that Gabriel is working with Bathsheba and he saves the day. Bathsheba tells Gabriel of her trip to Bath, she shows her understanding that maybe she has out the farm in jeopardy by marrying Troy but she felt her reputation was at stake because she had not adhered to the general rule of society but had driven to see Troy unaccompanied late at night: I saw that a scandal might seize hold of me for meeting him alone in that way. Now, Bathsheba is getting unhappier by the day. She turns into an emotional woman and she is no longer in control of herself. Having married Troy, Troy is becoming reckless with money and Bathsheba can do nothing to stop him becoming like this. This happens because in marriage in the 19th century the husband becomes in control of his wife and his wifes possession. In chapter 51 Bathsheba is not wanting to attract anyones attention with her beauty. In chapter 56, Hardy suggests that Bathsheba has had this downfall because she had so much pride and vanity in herself. Chapter 56 also starts with Bathsheba expressing the reliance she has had on Gabriel, and so she is upset when she hears of Gabriels resignation letter, It is that I may soon have to give up the management of your farm, Mrs. Troy. The fact is, I am thinking of leaving England not ee, you know next spring. Realising that she is now reliant on Gabriel she would not refuse his marriage proposal if he were to ask again. Hardy shows that just like Fanny, Bathsheba is also reliant on the security a man can offer her and she comes to realize that this security only comes with marriage. Bathsheba has taken on the role of the typical Victorian female, dependant on marriage for security, although the relationship is based on substantial affection. In Far from the Madding Crowd Hardy illustrates the position of 19th century women as being disadvantaged. Fanny and Bathsheba both provide contrasting examples of Victorian women who were victims of the treatment of their men. In their lives they are seen in the role of second-class citizens in need of a trustworthy man for survival, unless they can survive themselves. Womens social behaviour was expected to be restricted whereas men could have very little restrictions on how they behaved. They were even admired for some of their roguish tendencies. Hardys language as he describes Fannys plight expresses his sympathy for her, but Bathshebas suffering is not dealt with in the same sympathetic response. Her character, which was independent, has changed at the end of the novel. She appeared a more reserved character accepting the role of Gabriels wife. I think that Bathsheba had wrong treatment from men as a result the way she acted, having so much pride in herself and being vain. It was good for her to have that independence in her but maybe she felt too much of her independence, which got her in a muddle. The classic example is when in the beginning of the novel Gabriel proposed to her and she did not accept, because she did not want to be thought of as mens property, yet in marrying Troy she destined herself to this very fate.

A Trade Mark

A Trade Mark Introduction A trade mark is a way for one party to distinguish themselves from another. In business, a trade mark provides a product or organization with an identity which cannot be imitated by its competitors. According to section 1(1) of the 1994 Act, a trademark is ‘any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of another’. In Sigla SA v OHIM (Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market) the Court of First Instance (CFI) stated that a trade mark does also convey other messages concerning the qualities or particular characteristics of the goods or services which it covers, such as luxury, lifestyle, exclusivity, adventure, youth. A mark has then an inherent economic value which is independent of and separate from that of the goods and services for which it is registered. The CFI held that ‘these messages are conveyed, by trademarks with reputation and confer on it significant value which deserves protection because the reputation of a mark is the result of considerable effort and investment on the part of its proprietor’. However, how far the UK courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have recognised this â€Å"inherent economic value† of registered trade marks? Relative Grounds for Refusal Marks which conflict with earlier marks or signs may not be registered. The grounds for refusal of the registration of a trade mark are found in section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 1994 and Article 8 of the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR): Identical marks on identical goods and services: section 5(1)/Article 8(1) (a); Identical marks on similar goods and services that there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public which includes the likelihood of association with the earlier mark: section 5(2) (a)/Article 8(1) (b); Similar marks on similar goods and services and there is a likelihood of confusion which includes the likelihood of association, between the marks: section 5(2) (b)/Article 8(1) (b); Identical or similar marks on goods or services which would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character of the earlier mark, without due cause: section 5(3)/Article 8(5). UK incorporated Articles 4(4) (a) of the EC Trademark Directive and 8(5) of the Community Regulation 40/94 into domestic law under section 5(3) of its Trade Marks Act 1994. According to section 6, Earlier Marks cover UK and Community Trade Marks with an earlier registration date and Community Trade Marks with seniority derived from an earlier UK mark. They can also be marks registered under the Madrid Protocol and â€Å"well known† trademarks protected under Article 6bis of the Paris Convention. Article 4(4)(a) of the EC Trademark Directive allows any Member State to provide that ‘a trade mark shall not be registered where, the trade mark is identical with, or similar to, an earlier national trade mark and is to be registered for goods or services which are not similar to those for which the earlier trade mark is registered, where the earlier trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned and where the use of the later trade mark without due cause would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark’. There are four main grounds for infringement, which are set out in section 10 of the Trade Mark Act 1994. They are the same grounds for refusal of registration, as contained in section 5. Any act of infringement is not required to of held any previous knowledge or intention to carry out the act. To infringe, a mark must be used ‘in the course of trade’. Any use which is liable to put at risk the guarantee of origin may be prevented, because this guarantee constitutes the essential function of the mark. Identical and Similar Marks under Section 10(1) If the marks are identical or similar, and the goods and services are identical or similar, confusion must be shown. A mark is considered similar if in the mind of the average consumer the likelihood of confusion for the goods/services is at issue. The marks must be compared as wholes because the average consumer generally recognizes marks as a whole. Section 10(1) prohibits the use of an identical mark to the registered mark upon goods or services for which the mark is registered. In Reed executive v Reed Business Information Ltd it was held that the marks were similar, not identical. The claimant alleged that the defendants had infringed its trade mark. The defendant had used ‘Reed’ as part of the composites ‘Reed Elsevier’ and ‘Reed Business information’. Jacob LJ did not think that ‘Reed Business information’ was identical to ‘Reed’ and he noted that the additional words would not ignored by the average consumer. The ECJ in SA Societe LTJ Diffusion v SA Sadas stated that the criterion ‘must be interpreted strictly. The definition of identity implies that the two elements should be the same in all aspects’. The level of identity between the marks must be high. In Origins Natural Resources Inc v Origin Clothing Ltd the marks ‘Origin’ and ‘Origins’, were held to be similar but not identical. Likelihood of Confusion Likelihood of confusion is arising from similarity with an earlier mark and goods and services for which that earlier mark is registered. If exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, the trade mark will not be registered under section 5(2). Jacob J recommended in British Sugar plc v James Robertson Sons Ltd, that to apply section 5(2) is to ask first whether the marks are the same or similar and then whether the goods are the same or similar. Finally, ask whether the proviso applies and whether there is a likelihood of confusion, including a likelihood of association between the marks. If the answer to all three questions is positive, then there will be a conflict. In Sabel v Puma the ECJ held, that the likelihood of confusion must be appreciated globally, taking into account factors including the recognition of the trade mark on the market, the association which can be made between the registered mark, the sign and the degree of similarity between the mark, the goods and the services. The Court considered that there is a greater likelihood of confusion where the earlier trade mark has a highly distinctive character. It was noted in Ruiz-Picasso v OHIM, that attention would be particularly high as regards goods which are expensive, and highly technological in character. The ECJ said in Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc that, if the association between the marks causes the public to believe that the respective goods come from the same or economically linked undertakings, there is a likelihood of confusion. In Marca Mode CV v Adidas AG it was held that ‘the reputation of a mark does not give grounds for presuming a likelihood of confusion simply because of a likelihood of association in the strict sense’. Protection for Marks with Reputation Article 8(5) of the Trade Mark Directive and Article 4(4) the Community Trade Mark Regulation offer protection for marks ‘with a reputation’, recognising that trade marks do more than simply signify origin. In Bristol Myers Squibb v. Paranova the â€Å"essential function† of the trade mark was held to be to guarantee origin to the consumer without any risk of confusion. Some marks because of their reputation have obtained a value not confined to the basic distinguishing function of a mark, so that they should be entitled to protection. The CFI give guidance in Sigla on the distinction between the notion of the likelihood of confusion and the risk of unfair advantage. The Court noted that a likelihood of confusion occurs where a consumer is attracted to a product or service covered by the applied for mark because of a misunderstanding that it comes from the same origin as that covered by an earlier mark which is identical or similar. However, the risk of unfair advantage might happen where the consumer is attracted to the mark itself, without confusing the origin of the good or service. The Court in Sigla held that: ‘Article 8(5), ensures that a mark with a reputation is protected with regard to any application for an identical or similar mark which might affect its image, even if the goods or services covered by the mark applied for are not similar to those for which the earlier mark with a reputation has been registered’. Being able to prove that the trade mark ‘has a reputation’ is a key to a trade mark owner’s ability to benefit. Dilution Section 5(3) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 offers the means for an earlier trade mark holder to prevent registration of a later trade mark which dilutes the distinctiveness and exclusivity of his trade mark. The dilution claim it appears as section 10(3) of the Act: A person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign which is identical with or similar to the trade mark, and is used in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered. The trade mark must have a reputation in the UK, namely the use of the sign must be without due cause and must either take ‘unfair advantage of’ or be ‘detrimental to’ the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark. In Adidas-Salomon AG and Adidas Benelux BV v Fitnessworld Jacobs found that the concept of detriment encapsulates dilution, which is often referred to as ‘blurring’ and means that the mark is no longer capable of arousing an immediate association with the goods for which it is registered or used. This concept of detriment is sometimes referred to as ‘tarnishment,’ and means that the goods for which the infringing sign is used, appeals to the public’s senses which accordingly affects the mark’s power of attraction. Reputation The justification for the laws protecting trade marks focuses on the recognition and their quality. Kur stated that reputation could be claimed by ‘a trademark with a relatively low degree of renown, yet which possesses an attractive, strongly associative image’. The question of the reputation needed by a trade mark to qualify for protection was decided by the ECJ in General Motors Corporation v Yplon . It was stated in this case that the stronger the earlier mark’s distinctive character and reputation, the easier it will be to find that detriment has been caused to it. The ECJ held that the words has a reputation in Section 5(3) of the Trade Marks Act, Article (4)(4)(a) of the 89/104 directive and Article 8(5) of regulation 40/94 require the mark known only by a significant part of the public concerned by the products or services covered by it. To oppose a trade mark under Article 8(5) a challenger must prove in the case of an earlier Community trade mark the trade mark has a reputation in the Community and, in the case of an earlier national trade mark, the trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned. The Court held that a national Court when is deciding whether a mark had a reputation has to take into account facts like ‘the market share held by the trade mark, the intensity, geographical extent, and duration of its use, and the size of the investment made by the undertaking in promoting it’. In Hag II the Advocate General stated that trade marks found their justification ‘in a harmonious dove-tailing between public and private interests’, the right purpose of the law being to protect the ‘clarity of the signal transmitted by the mark’. The CFI in Spa Monopole v OHIM-Spa finders , held in that the reputation for certain goods or services can not be extended to other goods and services. The Court held that the reputation for mineral waters could not constitute the evidence of reputation for goods in class 3 (namely soaps, perfumery and cosmetics) and that ‘the proprietor of the earlier mark is not required to demonstrate actual and present harm to his mark. He must adduce prima facie evidence of a future risk, which is not hypothetical, of unfair advantage or detriment’. Marks with Reputation on Similar or Dissimilar Goods Section 5(3) of the 1994 Act has been amended to mirror section 10(3) which is relevant to goods and services that are dissimilar to those of the relevant registration. There is no need for there to be any ‘likelihood of confusion’ for an infringement under section 10(3). It was considered in Davidoff Cie SA and Zino Davidoff SA v Gofkid Ltd that a well known mark should receive the same protection where the goods are similar as it receives where the goods are dissimilar. The Court held that member states were entitled to provide specific protection for registered trade marks with a reputation in cases where a later mark or sign, which is identical with or similar to the registered mark, is intended to be used or is used for goods or services identical with or similar to those covered by the registered mark. In Adidas v Fitnessworld the ECJ held that ‘it is sufficient for the degree of similarity between the mark with a reputation and the sign to have the effect that the relevant section of the public establishes a link between the sign and the mark’. It was considered that where a member state exercises the option under Article 4(4) (a) of the directive it is bound to grant the protection in question in cases of use by a third party of a later mark or sign which is identical with or similar to the registered mark with a reputation, in relation to goods or services which are not similar and to goods or services which are identical with or similar to those covered by that mark. In this case the Court stated that ‘Article 5(2) of the directive establishes, for the benefit of trade marks with reputation, a form of protection whose implementation does not require the existence of likelihood of confusion’. The ECJ considered that Article 5(2) of the Directive must be interpreted in the sense that, where the sign is used for identical goods or services, a mark with a reputation must benefit from protection which as extensive as where a sign is used for non-similar goods or services. Unfair Advantage or Detriment A trade mark will not be registered where the use of the later mark must either take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark. The Court held in Spa-Finders that ‘Unfair advantage encompasses cases of clear exploitation and free-riding on the coat-tails of a famous mark or an attempt to trade upon its reputation, unfairly drawing on and profiting from an earlier mark owner’s goodwill and investment in promotion’. Detriment could take the form of tarnishing or blurring. The association between two marks and between the goods or services to which they relate could be detrimental to the strength and reputation of the earlier mark if it tarnished it by association or made it less distinctive. Evidence of reputation can go a long way toward proving unfair advantage or detriment. Unfair Advantage of the Earlier Mark Advocate General Jacobs in the Adidas case considered that the concept of ‘unfair advantage of distinctive character or repute’, as found in Article 5(2) of the EC Trademark Directive was ‘intended to encompass instances where there is clear exploitation and free-riding on the coattails of a famous mark or an attempt to train upon its reputation’. The CFI in Sigla, stated that the unfair advantage of the repute takes place where there is a risk that the image of the mark with a reputation or the characteristics which it projects are transferred to the goods covered by the second mark, with the result that the marketing of those goods is made easier by that association with the earlier mark with a reputation. Sir Thomas Bingham, in Taittinger SA v Allbev, stated that it would be unfair to allow others to ‘cash in on the reputation that they had done nothing to establish’. In L’Oreal SA v Bellure NV , the defendants were a cosmetic company who were trying to pass off their brand as that of L’Oreal’s. The L’Oreal trade mark is very popular. Jacob LJ looked at the importance of unfair advantage and stated that the relation between the defendants’ packaging and the registered marks, if established, would give an advantage on the defendants. He gave as an example of unfair advantage, where a well known mark in one field is used by another in a same field and therefore excludes the chance for the owner of the registered mark to move into that field in the future. In Akteselkabet af 21 November 2001 v OHIM, the earlier mark benefited from a reputation for ‘apparatus for recording transmission or reproduction of sound or images’ and evidence has been given of its use in sporting events, while the other trade mark was applied for clothing. It was considered by the CFI that as the public was familiarized to seeing the TDK mark on clothing related to sporting events, the use of the second sign on clothing could make the public to believe that such clothing was manufactured by, or under licence from, the owner of the TDK mark. Detrimental to the Distinctive character of the earlier mark It was held in Spa-Finders that there is detriment where the earlier mark is no longer able of beginning direct association with the goods for which it is registered and used. The CFI held that the existence of a link between the marks Spa and Spa-Finders in the mind of the relevant public is not enough to show the risk of detriment to the distinctive character. The Court in Intel Corporation Inc v CPM United Kingdom Ltd said that article 4(4)(a) of the Directive was to be interpreted as meaning that whether there was a link between the earlier mark with a reputation and the later mark was to be assessed globally, taking into account all the relevant factors which included the fact that, for the average consumer, who was reasonably well informed, observant and circumspect, the later mark called the earlier mark with a reputation to mind was tantamount to the existence of such a link between the conflicting marks. It was held in Intel that ‘the fact that the earlier mark had a reputation for certain types of goods or services, and those goods or services and the goods or services for which the later mark was registered were dissimilar or dissimilar to a substantial degree, and the earlier mark was unique in respect of any goods or services, did not necessarily imply that there was a link between the marks’. Jacob LJ thought that there should be more than a ‘mere calling to mind’ of the earlier mark by the average consumer when confronted with the later mark on dissimilar goods. Any detriment should be to the distinctiveness of the earlier mark in relation to the goods and services it covers, no to its attractiveness more generally. The more unique the earlier mark appeared, the greater the likelihood that the use of a later identical or similar mark would be detrimental to its distinctive character. Detriment to the Repute In Claeryn v Klarein the Court considered that the concept of detriment to the repute of a trade mark, often referred to as degradation or tarnishment of the mark, describes the situation where the goods for which the infringing sign is used, appeal to the publics senses in such a way that the trade marks power of attraction is affected. The case of Sigla SA v OHIM, explained that the detriment to the repute occurs where the goods or services, for which the reputed trademark is unjustifiably used, have a quality or a value which may have a negative influence on the image of the earlier mark with reputation. The CFI held in Spa-Finders that there is no ‘antagonism’ between the goods and services covered by the marks which might be detrimental to the repute of Spa mineral waters. The Court notes that it is unlikely that the mark Spa-Finders will tarnish the image of the Spa mark. These marks designate different goods consisting, in mineral waters and, on the other hand, in publications and travel agency services. The Court find that it is unlikely that the goods and services covered by the mark Spa-Finders, even if they turn out to be of lower quality, would diminish the power of attraction of the mark Spa. The closer the goods are the easier to prove a detriment to the repute will be. Without Due Cause When an opponent has established that its earlier trade mark has a reputation, and that use of the applicant’s mark will take unfair advantage of, or to be detrimental to, the earlier mark, the obligation then falls upon the applicant to show that the use would not be without due cause. Jacob LJ noted in L’Oreal v Bellure that the onus of establishing due cause lies with the defendant. In the Nasdaq Stock Market Inc case the CFI held that Nasdaq was distinctive and conveyed an image of modernity which was attractive and relevant to the stock market and to other goods such as the applicant’s. It was considered that the applicant had not established that its use of the trade mark would be founded on due cause within the meaning of Article 8(5), and the Court held that there was no due cause for the applicants use of the sign. The Court in Premier Brands UK v Typhoon Europe, applied the criterion from found that Typhoo was an established brand of tea with a reputation and that the defendant used its mark without due cause. It was held that there would be no likelihood of confusion but proceedings commenced in relation to section 10(3), on the idea that the goods in subject were dissimilar. Neuberger J held that the phrase ‘without due cause’ required an applicant to show some reasonable grounds for using its sign in relation to its goods even this was unfair or detrimental to the earlier mark. Good faith would not justify the registration of a mark. In Hollywood SAS v Souza Cruz SA it was held that ‘the condition of due cause is not fulfilled merely by the fact that the sign is suitable for identifying the products for it is used, the applicant has already used this sign for these or similar products within and outside the territory of the community or the applicant invokes a right ensuring from a filing over which the filing by the proprietor of the opposing trade mark takes precedence’. These factors are guidelines which may the Court use in balancing the competing interests present in dilution cases. Conclusion A trademark is a powerful right. For many businesses, a Trade Mark is a valuable asset which plays a key role in the commercial success of the business. Reputation can improve the distinctiveness of the mark and increase its scope of protection. Trade marks act as a motivation to sustain quality since they act as a guarantee to the consumer. The ECJ has treated the requirement that the trade mark must have a reputation as a threshold that can be included into a global appreciation. As the ECJ has interpreted it, the additional zone identifies that the economic value of a trade mark can reflect ability for doing something more than presenting its important meaning and that this ability can require certain legal protection.

Youth Unemployment and Crime in Australia :: essays research papers fc

The causes and consequences of youth unemployment in Australia has been of particular concern within both government and private sectors for many years. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 10.9% of the total 15-24 age population was unemployed in September, 1995. This figure climbed to 15.3% in September, 2003. This evidence gives cause to the growing concern surrounding the increase in youth unemployment. For sizeable numbers of youth, its not going to get any easier to find work as they move into their twenties or complete education. Opinions such as those found in the Smith Family Youth Unemployment Report (2003) hypothesise that juvenile crime is directly connected to the high rates of youth unemployment in Australia. In this essay, I would firstly like to ask exactly what is known about both the rates of juvenile crime and youth unemployment in Australia, and is there a direct link between the two? The suggested connection between a soaring crime rate and yo uth unemployment influences the way in which our society is governed and developed, making it imperative that we endeavor to try and understand and/or eliminate some of these suggestions. I will begin my essay by defining what I mean by youth unemployment and juvenile crime, and explore the possible challenges upon measuring both of these things. Comparing statistics gathered from both the ABS and other government recognized reports on unemployment, and information from the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), I will attempt to weigh up the claim that the crime rate has risen in unison with the unemployment rate. I will also assess claims made by Weatherburn (2001) that youth unemployment causes crime, sifting through the truths and fallacies. Opinions such as those found in the Smith Family Youth Unemployment Report (2003) which hypothesize that juvenile crime is directly connected to the high rates of youth unemployment in Australia cannot be neither accepted nor critiqued until there is a clear understanding of what the terms â€Å"Youth Unemployment† and â€Å"Juvenile Crime† mean in the context of this essay. In this essay youth unemployment is generally taken to include the entire 15-24 age cohort – not just 15-19 year old teenagers – who are no longer at school or university and who are without a job. I have chosen to include 20-24 year olds under the banner of â€Å"Youth†, as it gives a fairer picture of the performance of all young people in the labor market and takes into account the pattern of employment both during and after leaving school or university.

Andrew Carnegie On The Gospel Of Wealth :: essays research papers

Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835. His father, Will, was a weaver and a follower of Chartism, a popular movement of the British working class that called for the masses to vote and to run for Parliament in order to help improve conditions for workers. The exposure to such political beliefs and his family's poverty made a lasting impression on young Andrew and played a significant role in his life after his family immigrated to the United States in 1848. Andrew Carnegie amassed wealth in the steel industry after immigrating from Scotland as a boy. He came from a poor family and had little formal education. The roots of Carnegie's internal conflicts were planted in Dunfermline, Scotland, where he was born in 1835, the son of a weaver and political radical who instilled in young Andrew the values of political and economic equality. His family's poverty, however, taught Carnegie a different lesson. When the Carnegies emigrated to America in 1848, Carnegie determined to bring prosperity to his family. He worked many small jobs which included working for the Pennsylvania Railroad where he first recognized the importance of steel. With this recognition, he resigned and started the Keystone Bridge Company in 1865. He built a steel-rail mill, and bought out a small steel company. By 1888, he had a large plant. Later on he sold his Carnegie Steel Company to J. P. Morgan's U.S. Steel Company after a serious, bloody union strike.He saw himself as a hero of working people, yet he crushed their unions. The richest man in the world, he railed against privilege. A generous philanthropist, he slashed the wages of the workers who made him rich. By this time, Carnegie was an established, successful millionaire. He was a great philanthropist, donating over $350 million dollars to public causes, opening libraries, money for teachers, and funds to support peace. In the end, he gave away about 90% of his own money to various causes. He also preached to others to do the same as in giving money for education and sciences.The problem, however, was that there was such a contrast between the rich and the poor. By this he was referring to the inequalities in rights, hereditary powers, and such things. He also felt we should have a continuum of forward progress, i.e. civilizing, industrializing.Apparently in his time there was a movement to drift back into a time when there was little advance in modernizing and technologically advancing; when "neither master nor servant was as well situated.

Friendship in The Pact :: Personal Narrative Pact College Friends Essays

Friendship in The Pact Works Cited Missing Friendship can lift you up, strengthen and empower you, or break you down, weaken and defeat you† (32). In The Pact, George, Rameck, and Sam lifted each other through the hard times. They helped each other reach their dreams, even though they had their rough times. George, Rameck, and Sam all lived troubled lives while growing up. They all suffered with financial problems, and judicial problems. Their friendship helped them succeed and eventually gave them a more stable live style. Friendship is very powerful and can help you in so many ways. Many high school seniors are excited about going to college. Meeting new people, trying new things, and finding who they are, are all things they look forward to. But, not until a few days before the big move out, do they become nervous. To me, overcoming the transition to college was very difficult, and would have been more difficult if I did not have friends to encourage me. I was filled with excitement throughout the entire summer. I could not wait to get out of Scranton to expand my horizons. As the summer progressed, the excitement grew. When receiving the room assignments, I was shaking with nerves to see who I would be living with. I remember seeing their names and immediately forming a stereotype of them just by the looks of their name. A week before moving out, reality hit me like a gigantic rock. The feelings that were excitement were now anxiety. I was scared about leaving my safety zone. I knew many people in Scranton, and fit in well. I did not know anyone that was attending Penn State Harrisburg, I was alone for the first time in my life. I began to look at college as a fresh start of life. I had the opportunity to change anything I want about myself. However, the day before leaving, I wanted to change my mind, I no longer wanted to leave everything that I have known for my entire life. But, I refused to show my new feelings because I knew it was a common feeling among other college bound freshman. After some tears and deep breathes, I realized I always wanted to go away to school and if I backed out, I would regret my decision for the rest of my life.