The Movie The Whale Rider History Essay

The Movie The Whale Rider History Essay Whale rider is a 2002 drama film directed by Niki Caro, based on the novel of the same name by Witi Ihimaera.the film stars Keisha castle-Hughes as kahu piakea apirana,a 12years old Maori girl who wants to become the chief of the tribe. Her grandfather koro believes that this is a role reserved for males only. The film was a coproduction between New Zealand and germany.it was shot whangara, the setting of the novel. Leader chosen as piakea and koro. Koro was an autocratic leader it is also known as authoritarian leader this is used in situations where control is necessary or when circumstances are dangerous, Many times, the subordinate staff is inexperienced or unfamiliar with the type of work and heavy oversight is necessary. Rigid organizations often use this style. It has been known to be very paternalistic, and in highly-professional, independent minded teams, it can lead to resentment and strained morale. Piakea had charismatic leadership style were as koro had a information leadership style I would choose piakea as a good leader; Piakea was really interested in her leadership and culture. She also had positive cultural identity like grandfather. She was sure that she can do better anything than other young boys, such as when learning traditional songs and dance, but she always obeyed when Koro order her to stop it or to leave it. She also respected her grandfather as a Mori leader. Piakea always pursued to grandfathers love and recognition from him but less encouraged by him. The effectiveness Koro is blinded by prejudice and even Flowers cannot convince him that Piakea is the natural heir. The old Chief is convinced that the tribe misfortune began at Paikeas birth and calls for his people to bring their twelve-year-old boys to him for training. He is sure that through a grueling course of action of ideas the ancient chants, tribal lore and warrior techniques, the upcoming leader of their tribe will be revealed to him. Meanwhile, deep within the ocean, a massive school of whales is responding to Paikeas calls. When the whales happen to stranded on the beach, Koro is sure this signal an apocalyptic end to his tribe in anticipation of one person prepare to make the final sacrifice to save the community the Whale Rider. Piakea has to fight to get identification as a girl with potential to lead in an surroundings where me are the ones who grow to be the leaders. She goes to bizarre lengths to show how much she loves her grandfather and how much she wants him to be successful as a Chief. Quote 🙠 Maori women have got to stop smoking; weve got to protect our childbearing properties.)She was showing her qualities as a leader or thinking as a leader that it wasnt right and its when her grandfather tried to start the boats engine and he couldnt but piakea started the boats engine Type of power koro holds legitimate leadership power were  in leadership is the power that a director gets by fail to pay due to his position in an organization; a leader essentially is distinguished from a follower due to the better rights and liability he has than others i.e. extra rights that justifiable power bestows and distinguishes him from group it is a kind of power which comes from the authority of your rate and position in the chain of command.. Koro is a kind of chief who follows and obeys his traditional rules he doesnt abuse his powers even if its his own son or granddaughter Pai holds referent power: an individual over the Team or Followers, based on a high level of identification with, admiration of, or respect for the power holder/ leader. Nationalism, patriotism, celebrities, mass leaders and widely-respected people are examples of referent power in effect Type of organization, level of seniority and its effects This leadership position in the whale rider is a part of the Ngati konochi, residents of the small fishing village of Whangara New Zealand (where they filmed the movie in reality). A Ngati is a Maori tribe Ngati Porou and is a traditional Maori kiwi located in regions east of Cape and Gisborne in the North Island of New zealand.paikea, the Whale Rider, is said to be an ancestor of these people. As pais grand father koro is very strict village chief the patrimonial leader same reflects back 2 paikea the tribes progenitor with the Maori legend which tells of a great man, Paikea, who came to a land ages ago riding on the back of a whale. The legend prophesizes that another whale rider will be born to lead the Maori people. Koro as a chief of the Maori village has the ultimate level of seniority and believes in the patrimonial line as his responsible for his traditional tribe .i.e. koro beliefs pai as a girl cannot become a leader .transactional leadership is also found in this movie because koros aim is to find a great leadership position for his tribal society. As shown in the movie pai was blamed for her brothers death, she was seen as the harbinger of bad fortune by koro her grandfather but piakea always focuses to be a good leader .paikeas main aim was to be success as a good leader and provide leadership based on her traditional principals ie the whale riding, learning the taiaha, language, chanting, traditional dance etc Individual culture and effects The both characters piakea and koro as stated above are true followers of their tradition and (Maori) culture .its their culture which binds each of them to be a good leader that they were in the movie Other leadership concepts and ideologies that you were able to identify in the whale rider: I would say this movie simply showed the traits theory to a large point of view .paikea who was born to be a leader and she was successful to become a leader by displaying her quality as a great chief .she proved her grandfather koro that she could become a good leader even if she is a girl, where as koro believed that a girl cannot be a chief. As mentioned above koro was an autocratic leader at most times because of his culture and traditional which was in danger, he was also concern about his people as a chief At the end of this movie koro accepts piakea and addresses her as a great wise leader. the unfinished waka was finished and launched at the end of this movie . LOTR: Fellowship of the ring Introduction This movie is directed by peter Jackson base on the first volume of J.R.R.Tolkiens the lord of the rings(1954-1955).it was follow by the two towers (2002) .set in middle-earth, the story tells of the dark lord sauron,who is looking for the one ring . Gandalf, an old wizard, deliver a ring to a hobbit named frodo.frodo is tasked with destroy the ring ,as it has the power to corrupt and bring on the destruction of peace in center earth. a group of heroes form a companionship to help frodo reach mordor so he can complete his task ,but along the way they are pursued by the minion of the rings destroyer .the fellowship was seprated,and a number of members were lost ,send-off frodo and his friend samwise to go on with alone while the remain members of the fellowship reform. Leader Aragon is the child of arathorn is a fictional character since J.R.R Tolkeins .he was one of the hero on lord of the rings .arogan was a ranger of the north, . He was eventually discovered to be the heir of  Isildur  and rightful claimant to the thrones of  Arnor  and  Gondor. He was also a confidant ofGandalf  and an integral part of the quest to destroy the  One Ring  and defeat the Dark Lord  Sauron He led the  Fellowship of the Ring  following the loss of Gandalf in the Mines of  Moria. after the Fellowship was broken, he track the hobbits  Merryand  Pippin  with the help of  Legolas  and  Gimli  to  Fangorn Forest  and fought in the battle at  Helms Deep  and the  Battle of the Pelennor Fields. After defeat Saurons armed forces in Gondor he led an army of Gondor and  Rohan  next to the Black Gate of  Mordor. At the end of the lord of the rings  Ã‚  he was crowned  king Elessar Telcontar  of Gondor. He married  Elronds daughter  Arwen, and assumed the Sceptre of Annà ºminas as King of Arnor, uniting the two kingdoms for the first time since the reign of Isildur. Aragon had charismatic leadership style he was a self motivated person and also motivating others as a hero it simply relates to the great man theory ,he was born as a leader reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration EFFECTIVENESS The two leaders as chosen both were effective leaders. Gandalf the greatest spirit and the wisest and gave him the elven  Ring of power  calledNarya, the Ring of Fire, containing a red stone for his aid and comfort. Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element  Fire  later in the same essay.he got effectiveness poer wee everyone has to listen to him.Gandalf was sent the length of with the other Istari to help the people of Middle Earth in their struggle against the dark power of Sauron. He travelled extensively in the Western lands of center world and became known by many names, though he never settled in one location. Most of his time was spent among the more humble people of Middle Earth and by many he was regarded highly for his wisdom. Gandalf had legimate power .this is the kind of power were all contain to follow his way of rights Gandalf, have been the single one attitude a Ring of Power, the Ring of Fire.he may do a little pyro work. He use this and further of his powers.. Starting a fire in the snow storm on the mountain, setting the hilltop ablaze when they were attacked by Wargs, keeping a light glowing through Moria, using his power against the Balrog. Aragorn served his lords during that time under the name  Thorongil  (Eagle of the Star). With a small squadron of Gondorian ships, he led an physical attack on  Umbar  in 2980, on fire many of the Corsairs ships and personally slaying their lord through the Battle of the Havens. After the success at Umbar, Thorongil left the field, to the dismay of his men, and went East.   Aragorn undertake great journeys, serving in the armies of King  Thengel and of Steward  Ecthelion II  of Gondor . His tasks helped to raise morale in the West and to counter the growing threat of Sauron and his allies. Aragorn, also known as walker, is a descendant of the individual king who was also weak to devastate the Ring of Power when it came into his hand. raise by the Elf King Elrond in Rivendell later than the death of his parents, Aragorn learns as an grown-up that he is heir to the throne of Gondor. He also learns with the aim of he loves Elronds daughter Arwen. Aragorn joins the Fello wship of the Ring but, after Frodo in secret leaves the Fellowship to continue the unsafe journey without the accountability for the lives of his friends, Aragorn leads the others after Merry and Pippin, who have been capture by the sin Orcs. Types of organization,level of seniority and its effects The movie lord of the rings (fellowship of the ring),this was about destroying the powerful ring .it was made up of nine members who had started their journey to mordor to destroy the rings in the fires of mount doom where the ring was forged.gandalf was chooen and accepted as the main leader to lead them and then Aragorn had to lead the members for the journey when Gandalf sacrifices his life Gandalf was a very effective leader every one followed him whether any one agreed or not .he was also senior and respected person of all the people.the leadership grid created by by blake and mouton:its a two dimensional leadership model that describes major role .gandalf was taking care of his follows . .aragorn was born leader but he never used his power as a leader ,he was also the only king in the follow ship .he was rose to take a mantle of leadership when situation arose.according to the great man theory one having inherited the capacity of leadership Individual culture and effects The two leaders played a very important part in culture and traditional they both were leaders .aragorn was a leader but lives secretly in Rivendell as a ranger after his fathers death .it was effective because he knew how to lead others as a leader Gandalf was a wizard in the istari he was nt allowed to misuse the powers he got .in their organisaton they were only allowed to advise others if they are on the right direction .both Aragorn and Gandalf were trying to save and follow the task they had given In good company Introduction In Good Company  is a 2004 American comedy film written and directed by  Paul Weitz, and starring  Dennis Quaid,  Topher Grace, and  Scarlett Johansson.  The film is about a middle-aged publicity executive whose business is bought out by a huge international company leaving him with a new boss who is just about half his age. His life his more complicated when his boss takes a loving interest in his daughter. The film was a important and economic success, getting mostly helpful reviews Leader the two characters I would choose as leader from this movie are Dan and Carter.dan was working as a marketing chief before the new administration (after the take over )he decided that he could be a dinosaur .carter Duryea,on the other hand ,is the new chief of the marketing and at just 26 years of age whereas dans age of 50. Leadership style Dans leadership style can be called as contingency theory ,this theory simply means there is no single leader ,according to the theory there is no leader ship style which best describes in the situation .the leaders effectiveness depends on how well the leadership style is and how it cn fit the context . In the fred fiedlers this kind of model contains the relationship between the favorableness of a situation such as :the leader -member relationship ,how well the task is structured and the leaders position power obtained through formal authority. Dan foreman was highly respected and accepted by his co workers .he knew his job very well as a (chief of marketing ) After the take over at sports America he was displaced by a 26 year guy named carter Duryea,u got the job just because he had qualifications bt no experience he can be seen as transformational leader because he was successful leadership style .transformational leaders focus on the base level of the hierarchy .duryea was an extrinsic motivator who brings minimal compliance from his followers Effectiveness Foreman was a effective leader people was always listering to him because he was trusthworthy ,honest ,charisma ,reliability ,building relationships and givin respet to others .on the other hand Duryea wasnt a effective at leadership because he didnt hav much experience,he was more follower than a leader first his bosses then foreman . Type of power Dan hold charisma power ,which means he had plenty qualities that make him capable of inspiring a large number of people .foreman was a very effective leader and when he speaks people listern 2 him and follow his opinion .he used his power to motivate his co workers and lead them the right things even though he lost his position but people did respect him Carter Duryea has legitimate power .this power is described as a person who holds the position and hav the authority to rule his team as he didnt have experience the last thing he did was selling mobile phones to kids and this gave him a position as chief marketing Type of organization ,level seniority and it effects The both leaders worked at sports America ,a magazine targeted to sports fans.carter Duryea has the highest level of seniority based on his position in the department .the effect of this legitimate power means everyone has to listen him Whereby dan foreman didnt have any legitimate auothority after some one took his place .even though his colleagues remains silent and listens to him Individual culture and its effects Dan foreman came from the old school of thought about life this illustrates by foremans married life and his kids ,the life style at home and his successful career in the movie .he was some one who believed in trusthworthy ,honesty and etc Duryea on the other hand comes from todays young generation the one who believes in going for what you want no matter what .this was illustrated by Duryeas failure as a family man and husband.

Role of the States In Health Care Policy Essay -- States Role in Heal

The government’s responsibilities concerning health care has grown over the last 100 years. After the Great Depression, Social Security was formed; and in the 1960s, Medicare and Medicaid were enacted. Federal responsibilities grew until the â€Å"New Federalism† of the 1990s increased reliance on the states for health care (Longest, 2010, pp. 30-33). Smaller, more local government can represent its citizen’s values better, and it knows the nature of its citizens’ problems. The New Federalism did not significantly change health policy; it gave the states more authority in setting policy and more flexibility in administering programs (Longest, 2010, pp. 30-33). States and localities became the primary authorities in regard to health and welfare benefits. While the states welcome the increase in policy flexibility, the rising costs of healthcare and welfare put constraints on state budgets. As a result, states and localities are being forced to become more creative. Although Medicaid continues to place an enormous fiscal burden on states, programs like Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) have proven to be successful in terms of appropriately expanding benefits while reducing caseloads (Longest, 2010, pp. 30-33). States continue to serve as the primary distributors of social service benefits, but decreasing federal support, uncertain state economies, and the increasing need to provide long-term care to healthcare recipients are placing overwhelming burdens on states to maintain and expand existing programs. The role of the states in protecting and promoting the health of the population is broad and complex, but can be described within six broad functions: (1) guardians of the public’s health, (2) purchasers of healthcare servi... ...s that relies on data from assessment and monitoring activities, surveys and reporting systems, and projection techniques. Then, this data must be transformed into meaningful information to support effective policy decisions (Longest, 2010, pp. 29-57). Health policies should bridge the gaps between the current situation and desired outcomes without the financial influence of lobbyists. References Indiana State Department of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved August 20, 2011, from http://www.in.gov/isdh/ Longest, B. B., Jr. (2010). The context and process of health policymaking. In T. D. McBride (Ed.), Health policy making in the United States (5th ed., pp. 30-33). Chicago, IL: Health Adminstration Press. Maurer, F., & Smith, C. (2005). Community/public health nursing practice: Health for families and populations (3rd ed.). Retrieved from http://books.google.com

Comparative Elegies~Similar or Different? :: essays research papers

An elegy is a poem of lament, usually formal and sustained, over the death of a particular person; also, a meditative poem in plaintive or sorrowful mood. Through an elegy authors are able to convey their deepest remorse and grief through the eloquent use of the English language. Three elegies in which show the possible interpretations and moral convictions of death are â€Å"Elegy for Jane†, â€Å"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard†, and â€Å"A Satirical Elegy†. Jane's unfortunate death in an equestrian accident prompted one of her professors, the poet Theodore Roethke, to write a moving poem, "Elegy for Jane," recalling his young student and his feelings of grief at her loss. It is very interesting that Jane's death is not the subject of the poem; rather, her death presents an occasion for calling up a certain emotional state in which Roethke's feelings of grief and pity transcend the occasion. This spiritual epitaph is laced with imagery; painting an extremely vivid picture given the details about her image. Roethke associates the deceased with elemental aspects of nature--the plant tendrils, the pickerel smile, trembling twigs, whispers turning into kissing etc. His lines create an amazingly tranquil atmosphere. Her voice is described as if it were perfectly toned; touching everyone that crosses her path of wind. Roethke compares Jane to a wren, a sparrow, a pigeon—all birds which draw forth an emotion. Birds naturally symbolize peace, freedom, and love. The wren represents joyful times, the high moments in Jane’s life; the sparrow however usually represents those who feel they are not worth anything; and pigeons I personally think are trite birds. â€Å"Elegy for Jane† is not the only elegy which incorporates nature into its meaningful lines. â€Å"An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard† by Thomas Gray is a similar elegy to â€Å"Elegy for Jane† in that it incorporates mother nature and the animal which is most unique to her—the bird: â€Å"The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.† Not only are these elegies similar because of their richness of the language and comparative nature with the outside world but also in that it mourns the death not of great or famous people, but of common men. The speaker of this poem sees a country churchyard at sunset, which impels him to meditate on the essence of human mortality.

Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and Potential Replacements

The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and the Potential Alternatives that Can Replace It Abstract: High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), like many other unhealthy constituents that are used in foods, is cheap and retains the taste of the natural products it emulates, possibly even surpassing them in many areas. However, experiments have shown that fructose is not an ideal sugar for human consumption, not to mention the fact that the use of GM ingredients can be dangerous. In order to prevent the continued consumption of this noxious sugar, food producers should use healthy alternative sweeteners to prevent the further dependence on HFCS in our foods and drinks. With dental, digestive, and other corporal problems such as diabetes and obesity proliferating in the United States, the public is becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of unhealthy foods. Some ingredients that had previously been deemed harmless and have been in use for decades have recently been proved to be harmful and even potentially lethal. Thus, scientists, nutritionists, and food manufacturers are becoming more concerned about detrimental eating habits originating from the consumption of damaging ingredients that are copious in foods. A greater concern, however, is that these ingredients can still be found in a variety of food products and have yet to be withdrawn from grocery shelves. It is difficult to conceive that such toxic ingredients as high fructose corn syrup can still be found in a plethora of foods and drinks, even after multiple experiments that have proven that high fructose corn syrup is severely detrimental to the human body and the usage of HFCS, instead of diminishing, has dramatically augmented over the decades. It is undesira... ..., and Peter Saunders. MRC Acknowledges GM Food Risks. 12 Oct. 2000 Institute of Science for Society. 23 Jul. 2007 . Howard, Denise. Sugar Alternatives. BellaOnline. 23 Jul. 2007 . Organic and Non-GMO Report . Many non-GM alternatives to high fructose corn syrup are available. 23 Jul. 2007 . Reynolds, Coriena . Sugar Alternatives, Not So Sweet. James Madison University. 23 Jul. 2007 . Riley, Sylvia. The #1 Sugar Alternative: Healthy, Natural and Sweet - The Ultimate Substitute. 28 May 2006 SearchWarp. 23 Jul. 2007 . Smith, Thomas. Sweet And Deadly. 9 Sep. 2005 Healing Matters. 23 Jul. 2007 .

How does John Steinbeck use language in different ways in “Of mice and men?” Essay

John Steinbeck uses language in different ways throughout the story. It creates imagery and helps you understand the story even better. Also it indicates differences in characters and the setting of the story. Steinbeck uses non-standard English for dialogue. Lennie is portrayed to be a slow childish character; he acts like a child asking George lots of questions about there ‘dream’. Lennie repeats this quite a lot â€Å"George how longs it gonna be till we get the rabbits?† This is Lennies dream to have rabbits, and Steinbeck repeats this dream it’s a kind of rhythm throughout the book. Also Lennie is more of a listener he doesn’t speak much to other characters apart from George unless he has too. He asks George frequently to â€Å"tell† him â€Å"about that place† where they are planning to move to when they have enough money, Lennie listens to George as though he was a parent or guardian and gets excited while George tell him. This gives us the impression that George looks after Lennie and keeps him safe. Steinbeck makes George seem rather parent like. George is a talker, he tells the story of him and Lennie moving away to a place of there own often to Lennie. We get the impression that George sometimes gets rather sick of Lennie as he repeats things and asks George to tell him â€Å"the story† we can see this by â€Å"I jus’ tol’ you, jus’ las’ night† this is wrote in an American way of speaking, he uses imagery as when you read this you say it to yourself in your head and you can imagine the way George is speaking. Also George seems to swear quite a lot and mainly towards Lennie where he calls him a â€Å"crazy bastard† this use of profanity and pronunciation portrays George to be rather uneducated, we can expect this as Steinbeck was a farm labourer for a time. The story was set in the 1930’s black people where very disrespected and used for slaves in these days. Also they wouldn’t be referred to as ‘black people’ it would be much more racial as we can see from what they call Crooks â€Å"nigger†. When crooks addresses Slim he calls him â€Å"Mr slim† none of the other characters address him in this way, this shows us that he has respect for Slim and that he believes Slim is a man of importance rather like the boss. Slim is portrayed to be â€Å"almighty† we get the impression that Slim is looked up to by the other men, they respect him and when they need answers or advice it is usually Slim to whom they turn to. As when Curley and Lennie fight it is Slim who everyone turns to. George asks him â€Å"Slim will we get canned now?† This shows he has power and the men believe he can take authority in situations like this. Steinbeck makes the characters dialogue very brief and it lacks detail they say what is necessary without detail, whereas when Steinbeck is describing a character or a place he uses descriptive language and Standard English, also he uses American dialect for certain words. Throughout the book there is few long sentences he uses short sentences. The way he describes places and characters is very different to the dialogue, he uses imagery in both but in different ways in dialogue he uses the shortening of words and there simple ways to help us imagine, whereas in his exposition he describes things in much detail and uses colours effectively. Also for certain words he uses an American dialect to replace them.

Wilma Rudolph biography

Wilma Rudolph is most well-known for her extreme success in track and field. What is most ground-breaking about Wilma and her success is the fact that she was a woman succeeding in what was considered at that time a â€Å"man's sport. † She broke many records, but most importantly was the first American woman to win three gold medals during the same summer Olympics. Wilma had faced many troubles throughout her life, from illness and disabilities to insecurities and friendship issues.However, the most difficult time in her life was not the obstacles she overcame to each her success but the point in her life after all of that- the point when she went back to reality. Throughout this paper I will discuss how the bio-social-psycho- spiritual-cultural framework had affected Wilma throughout her lifetime, ultimately influencing the person she turned out to be. Although I will touch upon her childhood and teenage years, the point of my paper is to identify Just exactly how those peri ods of time in her life affected her throughout her mid-adulthood phase until her death in 1994.BIOLOGICAL The first part of the framework suggests we look at Wilma's biological past to help nderstand the person she became. When Wilma was born, she was the 20th out of 22 children in the Rudolph family. She had a very difficult childhood, bouncing back and forth from illness to illness. Throughout her childhood, she was diagnosed with double pneumonia, scarlet fever, and polio. When Wilma was six years old, she was diagnosed with infantile paralysis caused by the polio virus. At that time, doctors had told her that she would never walk again without the aid of braces.However, Wilma was determined to prove everyone wrong and walk on her own. By the age of twelve, Wilma could freely move and walk around without the aid of her leg brace. After that point in her lifetime, nothing major (from a biological standpoint) occurred until she was a senior in high school and got pregnant by her l ong-time boyfriend, Robert Eldridge. At this point in her life, she was training with a college track coach during the summer and could not handle the responsibilities of a child Just yet.Luckily, her older sister Yvonne (who was already married with a child of her own) offered to look after the baby until Wilma was ready for motherhood. This allowed Wilma to continue iving her normal life without have to make and sacrifices. SOCIAL Wilma experienced a very financially poor childhood. She was among 21 other siblings and her parents only lived Offa teacher's salary. During the time of her leg brace, Wilma was homeschooled because of her disability. It was not until the first grade that her parents considered admitting her to a real school.After overcoming her disability, she decided that when she reached high school she wanted to follow in her sisters footsteps and Join the school basketball team. During freshmen year she excelled in basketball and track, and it was at that point tha t she first received nterest from Tennessee State's track coaches. Because of her raw talent, Tennessee coac , Edward Temple snowed a lot ot interest in Wilma, enough tor ner to try out tor the 1956 Olympics. After becoming a qualifier for the Olympics, she became close friends with Mae Faggs, an older runner on her Olympic team.Mae was a great influence on Wilma and really helped her mentally and physically prepare for the Olympics. Despite all of Coach Temple's and Mae's help, Wilma did not place at the 1956 Olympics. After the Olympics were over and she returned home, she decided to pick up her son and have him live with her again. She realized that spending time with her family was Just as important as anything else in her life at that time. At this point she was Juggling a boyfriend, a child, college school work, track, and her grief over disappointment from the past Olympics.PSYCHOLOGICAL Because of Wilma's natural talent and success in high school, her first loss at a big mee t was devastating. She had travelled to Philadelphia for a National AAU Track Meet, and became overconfident. She was shocked when she did not win and returned home with â€Å"shame of losing. † She felt embarrassed of losing and felt as if she had let herself down. It was at that point she realized that the success she could obtain through track and field was in her hands, which only motivated her to train harder. Once qualifying for the Olympic team, she also experienced some psychological challenges.She was such a good runner at such a young age that she would hold back at Olympic practices in order to keep the other girls on the team from becoming Jealous of her. She felt very torn, whether or not to excel at practice and work hard or hold on to friendships. She finally got over her fear of losing friends over hard work and decided to run for herself. One of her biggest psychological upsets, however, was after the 1956 Olympics when she did not qualify for the finals in t he 200 meter dash. She could not eat or sleep for days and felt as though she let down the entire United States.She was determined that the next day she would run harder and make up for that. Fortunately, by the end of the Olympics, her 400 meter relay team had surprisingly placed third and came back home with a bronze medal. SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL Wilma was born in Clarkesville, Tennessee in 1940. During this time, she experienced the wrath of segregation. The school she attended was Just for blacks nd did not compare to the nicer school for white children. Growing up, religion was important to Wilma and her family but did not play a huge role her development throughout life and her accomplishments.Her family was very religious and were practicing Baptists. HOW THIS FRAMEWORK AFFECTED HER LIFE As a child and teenager, Wilma lived anything but an ordinary life. At the age of 6 she was told she would never walk again without a brace. By the age of 12 she defied those odds and successfu lly walked on her own. By the time she reached high school she was on the school basketball team and track team. By the age of 16 she was ompeting in her first Olympics games. And by her senior year she had a child of her n All ot these components helped to develop Wilma into the person she grew up to be.Her biggest obstacles occurred after her fame and fortune, when she got home and back to real life. When she arrived home from the 1960 Olympics, she was welcomed by the whole town of Clarkesville, Tennessee. It was the first time in Clarkesville history that white and black townspeople came together to celebrate. After returning home and spending time with her family, she immediately began to travel the world meeting new people and starring in more races. She became the first woman invited into meets previously only participated by males.However, at this time it was very unlikely for a woman, let alone a black woman athlete, to have a manager. Therefore, Wilma did not make any mone y off of any of the appearances she made or races she competed in. When she finally returned home from travelling, she was hit with the harsh reality of the real world- she was broke. Wilma decided the best thing for her to do was to go back to college to get her degree in elementary education. After she graduated college, she married her longtime boyfriend Robert Eldridge. She got a teaching Job at the elementary school she attended as a child and coached track and field at Burts High School.Still, this did not help her financial situation. A few months later, she decided to leave her Job as a teacher and within a few years became pregnant with two more children. After that, she bounced back and forth from Job to Job; unsatisfied with every one she tried. She could not find that same satisfaction that she felt from track and field- nonetheless find a Job that would help ease her money troubles. In 1967, Vice President Hubert Humphrey asked Wilma to Join â€Å"Operation Champ,† government sponsored program that trained young inner-city athletes.Wilma once again traveled to many cities but still did not find that satisfaction she was searching for. Once she got back, she continued to bounce from Job to Job again until she finally decided to start her own business. Her business was named â€Å"Wilma Unlimited† and allowed her to travel, lecture, and support special causes. Through this company, she inspired many young African American athletes. In 1977 she wrote her own book and filmed a movie about her life. In 1981 she started the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a foundation dedicated to nurturing talented young athletes.She worked hard to promote women's sports in America and lobbied to pass Title ‘X. Among many other awards throughout her lifetime, she was honored with the National Sports award from President Bill Clinton in 1993. Unfortunately, Wilma died at the young age of 54 from cancer on November 12, 1994. Wilma's adult life would have bu ilt to nothing if it not had been for all of the experiences she lived through in her childhood. She learned strength, endurance, and patience not only on the track but in her life as well. She did not experience the most difficult times in life until after she had accomplished many goals for herself.It took true commitment for her to succeed in life after she returned home from the Olympics. Everything she did and experienced throughout her lifetime greatly affected the person she turned out to be. She grew into an amazing and influential woman who is not only known for her three gold medals in the same summer Olympics, but she is known for the legacy she has left behind in women's sports and the rest ot the world. KOHLBERG'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT According to our textbook, â€Å"Lawrence Kohlberg has proposed a series of three levels, and six stages, through which people progress as they develop their moral ramework† (Zastrow, 2007).The first level, called the Preconv entional Level, is primarily concerned with self-interest. The first stage of this level deals with how a person can avoid punishment. It is in this level that a person (however, most of the time this level is applied to children) will act on the basis of knowing what actions will constitute some sort of punishment. Stage two is more self-interest driven. A person will think in terms of reward for themselves, by asking the question â€Å"what's in it for me†. In this level a person will act in their best interest. These stages, related toWilma Rudolph's life do not hold a high level of significance. There are not too many points in her life that were highlighted in her biography that were linked to these two stages. I can imagine, however, that growing up in a household with 21 other children would take away from both of these stages. I doubt that Wilma was punished by her parents very often since they had to focus on so many other children as well. On the other hand, she pro bably had many of her older siblings to look after her, who I'm sure gave her a hard time when she did something wrong.The second level, the Conventional Level, usually is applied to people from the ges of 10 to 13 (Zastrow, 2007). Incorporated in this level are yet two more stages. Stage three is based on the approval of others and fulfilling social roles. During this stage, a person tries to live up to the expectations set for the â€Å"good boy' or â€Å"good girl† that they are trying to be. A high level of acceptance among others is what a person is ultimately striving for in this stage. I believe this stage directly reflects the point in Wilma's life when she made the Olympic team for the first time.During that time in her life, she was much younger than many of the other women on the team and ould hold back in practice as to not embarrass them or appear as if she were superior to them. She wanted to â€Å"fit in† and be accepted by her teammates. Stage four dea ls more with obeying rules and listening to authority. In this stage, the individual focuses on what is right and wrong based on the laws. I believe this stage relates to the time in Wilma's life when she was going off to college and one of her coach's rules was no children, since they would become too much of a distraction.Following his orders, Wilma decided to send her child with her older sister who could better fulfill the child's needs and also allowing Wilma to obey her oach. The final level of Kohlbergs stages of development is called the Post conventional level. The first stage of this level, stage five, is concerned with the welfare of the community. Although the previous level focused on the importance of laws, this stage says that laws are also open for interpretation and that the welfare and state of the community is Just as important as following laws.I believe this describes the point in Wilma's life after she had won at the Olympics and returned home to Clarkesville f or the first time. Upon her arrival, she was greeted by both white and black supporters from her community. During that time period, segregation was highly enforced and it was rare to see white and black folks together. However, they came together in support o t Wilma and d hey saw was best tor the community- snowing their support together as a whole instead of individual races.The final stage, stage six, revolves around the idea of acting on internal ethical principles. At this stage in someone's life, the person is less concerned with the opinion of others and more concerned with what is right for them. I do not think Wilma ever reached this stage in her life. While I believe that she did overcome many bstacles, such as being a black, female athlete during the time of men's sports and segregation, I do not think she achieved this highest stage in her development.In conclusion, I believe that everything Wilma Rudolph endured throughout her lifetime had a big impact on the woman she grew up to be. All of the fame and recognition she received through her teenage years had a big hand in the development through adulthood. It was not until she grew up and came back to Clarkesville after her big success as a track star that Wilma really had to look back and put to use all of the dedication and life lessons she learned as a child.If Wilma were here today I think she would want people to remember her not for winning gold medals at the Olympics, but rather for all of the things she accomplished and all of the people she influenced as an adult. I believe she holds most valuable in her heart her ability to influence others to overcome adversity and to live out their dreams.

Movie response

Movie Is take on a dark portion of the history of U. S. And are able to Illustrate not only a Journey but highlight prolific periods In time. Hooligan's movie Is a true story of an American legend, Jackie Robinson, who broke the racial barrier In Major League Baseball and became one of the most Inspirational leaders In the fight for call rights and equality. Throughout the movie, Robinson Is faced with outrageous comments and unjust treatment from a variety of sources. There is one significant leader that mirrors the same passive actions as Robinson is Mr..Martin Luther King Jar. Along with having an impact on the activist, Robinson was able to open to door for African- American athletes, not just in baseball but in all sports. Robinson not only proved his race was capable of competing, but was able to change the stigma and stereotypes that African-Americans faced. Another area that would see the influence of Robinson, and that was shown in the movie, was the role of sports journalis t named Wendell Smith. Although the movie might have stretched the relationship of Robinson andSmith, there Is no denying the impact they had on each other. Smith was tasked with not only covering Robinson but finding him places to stay, as well as to help protect him. Robinson on the other hand did more than give Smith something to write about, but to help open the pathway for African-Americans to Join other fields, even sports journalism Jackie Robinson did more than change the game of baseball. He was able to curb stereotypes with humility, change the way people see those of a darker complexion, and begin to open the door for African-Americans to belong in any occupation.He was able to use the platform of being a professional athlete to help shed light on the atrocious treatment and inequality people of color were forced to face. Robinsons whole journey as well as the purpose can be summed up in his own quote movie 42 response By vested â€Å"42† movie is take on a dark po rtion of the history of U. S. And are able to illustrate not only a Journey but highlight prolific periods in time. Hooligan's movie is a true story of an American legend, Jackie Robinson, who broke the racial barrier in Major LeagueBaseball and became one of the most inspirational leaders in the fight for civil rights and equality. Throughout the movie, Robinson is faced with outrageous comments American athletes, not Just in baseball but in all sports. Robinson not only proved his and that was shown in the movie, was the role of sports Journalist named Wendell Smith, there is no denying the impact they had on each other. Smith was tasked with face. Robinsons whole Journey as well as the purpose can be summed up in his own.

Vegetable Production

Vegetable Production – Not just planting a few seeds! The production of vegetables is very important in today’s society as we try to promote healthy living. Vegetables provide a major component to achieving a balanced and nutritious diet as they are a prime, convenient and natural source of minerals, vitamins, fibre and energy and are known not only to introduce essential nutrients to the diet but also to help to prevent diseases. Making vegetables available, through production, distribution and marketing, contributes strongly to their consumption and therefore also contributes to a healthier society.There are different approaches into how vegetables can be produced and grown and it depends entirely on the farmer, their approach to farming, and of course the resources available such as; machinery, technology, amenities and the acreage of land available for such a project. There are two general approaches to vegetable production that you must consider if you were to toy with the idea of growing some vegetables whether it be for your own consumption or maybe to supply the nation. These two general approaches are often described as; conventional farming or organic farming.Generally the conventional method involves the use of synthetic pesticides which may or may not be based on naturally occurring compounds to protect crops from diseases, pests and weeds. Crops which are genetically modified to resist or tolerate diseases, pests etc can also be used in this method of farming as a strategy for protecting crops. Crop nutrient management in conventional systems typically involves the application of synthetic fertilizers which can be tailored to meet the needs of specific combinations of vegetables and also include other factors such as soil, climate, water source availability etc.Organic vegetable farming on the other hand relies strongly on cultural & mechanical practises and biological principles for weed, pest, disease and nutrient management. Itâ₠¬â„¢s aim is to produce quality food in a manner beneficial to the environment and to wildlife. In order for a farmer to produce organic vegetables strict regulations and standards must be adhered to before the organic stamp can be used. This includes a restriction on the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides for crop management. Crop nutrients, pests and disease can be managed by using a variety of systems such as crop rotation, biological pest control, echanical cultivation or the application of organic amendments to the soil such as manure or compost. Natural pesticides and fertilizers may be used but these are subject to strict standards. Straw or plastic mulch can also be used to help suppress weeds, control pest access to crop, moderate soil temperature and prevent water loss from soil. Organic farmers must be more careful in their plant selection and rely much more heavily on research and information to schedule planting and harvesting practises.This is both in order to sustain the organic approach and also to produce healthier hardier plants through plant breeding as opposed to the genetic engineering methods employed in the conventional method. While both approaches to vegetable production must adhere to national and European regulations in Ireland it is obvious that the organic farmer faces a higher challenge to produce a consistent quantity and quality of vegetables. It seems that if you were to take a stroll down the organic route to production you may need to prepare yourself for some extra work!The approach of conventional or organic farming is essential to determining the other factors which must be considered for vegetable production. After deciding which type of approach you intend to follow to produce vegetables it is then necessary that you consider many other factors. The effect of the natural environment on the production of vegetables can be instrumental in determining the final yield of the farm from year to year. Vegetables can be produced in open fields, semi-enclosed or climate controlled structures or fully enclosed and climate controlled structures.Farms which grow crops in open fields such as potaotoes are limited in their control of such factors and their crops are fully exposed to weather, soil, pests and disease conditions. Fertilization, pest and disease strategies must be employed in order to manage crops and depending on the climate irrigation systems etc may also need to be put in place (not usually a problem in Ireland). Other farmers grow their crops such as tomatoes in semi-enclosed and climate controlled structures such as high tunnels.These high tunnels can extend the vegetable growing season for instance vegetables can be grown when conditions outside the tunnel may not allow this because the high tunnel can limit the exposure of the vegetables to undesirable natural conditions and can sometimes even create conditions more supportive for vegetable growth. For example; placing growing crops w ithin a high tunnel covered by a single layer of plastic shields them from the wind, rain and some pests and can support temperatures higher than that outside the tunnel.Greenhouses are an example of a fully enclosed and climate controlled environment and apart from the enclosed housing and climate control differ from open fields and semi-controlled structures as the vegetables are generally not rooted in naturally occurring soil and are often grown in pots or other containers which provide firm physical boundaries. Of course deciding how you wish to grow your vegetables may be entirely decided by the type of vegetables you wish to grow and depending on the amount and type of land available it may be possible to use only one or maybe all three methods.All of these methods can be used in order to produce certain vegetables all year round where spring and summer conditions may suit the open fields and high tunnel but greenhouses would be needed to produce vegetables in the winter. It evident so that first you must choose your approach to vegetable production, then decide which vegetable or vegetables you wish to produce and then of course decide how you wish to grow your crops whether it be in an open field or in large greenhouses etc.Careful planning and execution in key areas such as site selection, site preparation, planting, management during crop growth and development, harvesting and then distribution to whatever market your produce is destined for is paramount in having a successful and high quality producing vegetable farm. If you are blessed to have a choice of site then the type of soil, the size of the site, the total cost of the site (including tax, land, utilities), access to water, proximity to suppliers, industry etc must all be considered.The site then needs to be prepared for the type of vegetable production you wish to approach. For example in the case of open field; ploughing, dicing or other tillage is needed before planting. If using enclose d or climate structures these need to be assembled efficiently and appropriately according to the type of vegetable or vegetables being produced. Steps are then needed to prepare soil either with fertilizers or green manure and also to minimise weeds, pests and diseases either with pesticides or with the use of cultivation or mulches etc. Planting then needs to take place and depending n the size of the farm this can take place by hand or with machinery generally with each plant spaced a certain distant apart within rows and across rows depending on the type of crop. During the development of the crop a system needs to be put into place to manage the irrigation, fertilisation, weed, pest & disease control and growth of the crop to ensure the crop develops successfully with as little loss or waste as possible. A schedule for harvesting has to be organised and should be followed as closely as possible weather permitting, which unfortunately is not always an allowance in Ireland.Crops can be harvested by machine or by hand and keeping them free of abiotic and biotic contaminants during harvesting is important to ensure quality losses are minimised. Once harvested, it is then necessary to place crops into containers and have them distributed to whichever market they are destined. During all of this hard work it is also necessary to keep records of crop, facility and equipment repair and also to continue your own education as research and new ideas in this industry are always being developed. Evidently if you decide to become a vegetable farmer you don’t just throw a few seeds around in the back field and off you go.Education, preparation and alot of hard work are necessary in order to become successful in this type of farming. You must also consider the marketability of the vegetables you wish to grow and whether they are suited and will develop and grow well in the natural environment supplied to you. Also strict standards are in place for the appearance, shape, dimensions, weight, chemical properties etc of vegetables which can create extra burden and problems for farmers so preparing well and following schedules and procedures will lead to you being a happier more financially secure vegetable producer.Growing vegetables could be a rewarding challenging adventure if you prepare and educate yourself well considering all your options and what is available to you. Then with a bit of elbow grease and hard work you may find that you are producing vegetables which not only benefits society but also may benefit you and increase your bank balance!

African American Woman In Aviation History Essay

African American Woman In Aviation History Essay In the early 20th century, it was virtually unheard of a woman especially an African -American woman in aviation. Flying was predominantly for white males (Creasman, 1997), and considered too dangerous for females. In an era of racism, and segregation Bessie Coleman born a poor, black girl with limited opportunities’ persevered. Bessie broke the barriers of stereotypical labels for race, gender, and class by becoming the first black woman to obtain a pilots license, the first person in the world to obtain a international pilots license, and the first American to achieve this (Malveaux,2000). Bessie Coleman is a â€Å"role model for young black children† (Creasman, 1997, para.23), influencing others to pursue their dreams. Bessie paved the road for others, never letting prejudices ‘of â€Å"race, class, and gender† keep her from pursuing her dreams which provoked the start of the civil rights era( Creasman, 1997). Despite the odds of being poor, black, and female Bessie Coleman made a huge impact in American history. Bessie Coleman was born in Atlanta, Texas in 1892 into an environment of poverty, repression, rage and fear (Rich, 1993). It was a era when blacks were disenfranchised and lynched (Rich, 1993). African-Americans were taught and treated like they were inferior to other races. Blacks could not vote, buy land, ride in the same train sections ,use the same bathrooms, restaurants, or use the same drinking fountains which whites used (Barnes, 1996). Those which protested ran a risk of being â€Å"tarred, feathered, whipped or lynched† (Barnes, 1996, para.4). The nation was suffering from a â€Å"severe economic depression† (Rich, 1993, para.14), and violence began to ignite in both â€Å"black and white communities† (Rich, 1993, para.14). Rich industrialists began to â€Å"create monopolies in trade and industry while laborers worked twelve-hour days, seven days a week. When the workers unionized and calle d strikes, the industrialists hired armed men as strike breakers† (Rich, 1993, para.14). In 1893 violence continued and panic among the financial sector caused stocks to drop . Soon banks folded, farmers lost their land, factories shut down, prices fell and unemployment increased (Rich, 1993). Bessie was the 12th of 13 children, the daughter of George and Susan Coleman. At the age of seven Bessies’ father, a nearly full-blooded Indian decided to move to Oklahoma closer to Indian territory. He believed he and his family would receive better treatment and receive the benefits of â€Å"full civil rights,† something the family did not experience in Texas because of racial discrimination. However, Susan refused to uproot the children and stayed behind (Yount, n.d.). Susan and the children lived in a â€Å"one room cabin,† and picked cotton to survive.Unable to make ends meet Susan took a job cleaning and cooking for a white family. It was important to Susan for the children to earn an education, so Bessie took on the role as a surrogate mother while Susan worked. Bessie did not have the life of a â€Å"carefree child†( Rich, 1993, para.34), instead she cleaned, ironed, cooked, and made sure her brothers and sisters were taken care of (Rich, 1993). Bessie and her siblings attended an all black school, but learning was limited because each time it was â€Å"cotton picking time† the school shut down. There were rarely textbooks, pencils or paper, and one teacher with a sixth grade education for grades one through eight in a single room building (Rich, 1993). However, Bessie was eager to learn, and had big dreams of â€Å"amounting to something† (Bessie Coleman, n.d.para.4). By age eight Coleman along with her siblings learned to read and write from reading the bible. Bessie enjoyed reading and often read books about black men and women which had made accomplishments in life ( Barnes, 1996, para. 12). Gifted in math, she kept track of the family book keeping for the cotton sold (Bessie Coleman, n.d.para.2).Bessie completed the eight grade which in those days was the highest grade individuals could achieve. In addition, Coleman was the top of her class, a very rare accomplishment at that time for black females (Smith, n.d.). This eagerness to learn prompted Bessie to attend college. Bessie took in laundry and saved enough money to attend college in Oklahoma but ran out of money after one semester and returned home.

Current Issues in Corporate Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Current Issues in Corporate Reporting - Essay Example Traditionally the focus was solely on the financial information for investment, but scenario has changed now. Corporate reporting does not only mean focusing on the value drivers in terms of financials, but on the non-financial aspects too (Mallin, 2009, p. 17). Corporate reporting process will keep evolving and improving according to the market condition and requirements. Companies have started getting the pressure from the regulatory bodies for developing meaningful disclosure and reports in order to present a transparent image before the stakeholders (Everingham, 2008, p. 1). This study is regarding the need for new approaches of corporate reporting and the problems that have been faced by the regulatory body in developing and producing such a framework. The new approaches were proposed to reflect the wider and long-term outcomes of decisions that are taken by the organization. Integrated reporting mainly focuses on the strategically significant requirements that would assist the firm in developing a strong competitive advantage. It will also assist in securing the credit and capital, build good business relationships, and help to develop strategies for competition. The stakeholders would be receiving an enhanced information source regarding the sustainability and quality of the performances of the company (Hopwood, Unerman, and Fries, 2012, p. 36-39). The integrated reporting has moved beyond the traditional silo approach of gathering and reporting information. In integrated reporting comprehensive assessment approach is followed, in which the company’s performance and values are presented in an inclusive manner, so that the investors has information other than only the financials of the company (Loska, 2011, p. 9). The comp rehensive approach requires understanding the strategy drivers of the company, identification of the key stakeholders and their explicit expectations, and implementation of different processes for obtaining the

Native and European Women in the early colonial era Essay

Native and European Women in the early colonial era - Essay Example Women worked in groups especially in the farms, farms tending to the crops such as corn. Group work seemed to make work lighter for the women and many groups came from extended families. Women work was appreciated greatly as they did most of the household chores and mad sure that the family as well fed. Men were not offering much assistance and leisured around hunting animals, fishing, and building homes Women used to tend farmlands although it was a hard task during the pre-colonial times especially farming tobacco. Some of the families with enough resources could hire slaves to help in the farms. The slave women performed most of the household chores and in the farms. Women in England had a lot of authority over their women and at some time there were laws by the law-makers defined the roles for women. They came up with two distinct roles of women, the good wife free and white performed domestic chores around the house (Ulrich, 1991). The other one was the agricultural laborer mostly the blacks and slaves. White women later acquired a clear place to inherit land and another policy allowed widows and daughters to occupy the land. The native women most of them slaves serving as cooks, hairdressers, housekeepers, washerwomen, and tailors. The slaves worked in the farms as labourers and never got time for themselves. These women were to serve their masters and carry out all the housew ork without pay. Men were more than women, which created some imbalance; women became more valuable and appreciated in marriage. Women got more rights such as the right to keep any property that she brought in marriage as asserted by Ulrich (1991). A woman was supposed to be a loving wife, a mother, and a true housekeeper. Later women started owning lands and venturing in other areas such as businesses, managers of inns, and taverns. Men appreciated their women and allowed their

TOPIC FROM PERSONAL EXPERIENCE MUST BE FIRST HAND EXPIERENCE WRITTEN Essay - 1

TOPIC FROM PERSONAL EXPERIENCE MUST BE FIRST HAND EXPIERENCE WRITTEN IN OWN OWRDS USING THE PRONOUN I - Essay Example I happen to have a very good handwriting, too bad it never helped me in getting good grades when it came to Algebra. I looked around to see a whole lot of people were busy talking and laughing. Some were hard at work and some were simply copying stuff from the others. Thinking that I should also get to work now, I turned my attention to the textbook. I turned the book few pages back to look up some pointers on cyclic equations. Sitting right behind me, Kimberly and Amy were comparing notes about how to best avoid split ends in hair. I tugged at my ponytail, groaning inwardly at their frizzy texture. Suddenly, I realized I had been staring at the same page for past ten minutes, contemplating uselessly on hair care. Bracing myself, I got back to work and resolved not to get distracted again. To my surprise, the first few steps of the problem went well but halfway through I found myself stuck again. Mike, from the other row, chose the moment to disrupt the class with his famous imitation of buzzing bees. Fuming inwardly, I tried to concentrate but to no avail. I ended up spending another five minutes making tiny flowers around the page number and a face right above the Exercise heading. â€Å"This looks better now†, I thought looking at the page number. I looked around to find a completely engrossed Hannah, sitting next to me, had solved the problem and was already jotting down the next one. I felt the usual wave of frustration building up inside me at the difficult nature of this subject. Irritated with my lack of concentration, I compared my work with Hannah’s and learnt that the reason I was stuck with very wrong looking values was because I had made a few dumb mistakes. Taking the lead from her, I set about correcting my work. I was confident that I will be able to solve it then. Hannah was kind enough to explain the equation functions to me. Patiently bearing my occasional spacing out due to noise distractions in

Conservation tasks used by Piaget, James Mc Garrigle and Margaret Essay

Conservation tasks used by Piaget, James Mc Garrigle and Margaret Donaldson - Essay Example The results suggest that whether children conserve or not does not depend on either of the two tasks used but rather on their mastery of identity. This study aims at exploring Piaget's Task on conservation in children and critically evaluating it in the light of the more recent procedure described by (McGarrigle and Donaldson, 1975). Conservation is defined as the realization that number of items, measure or length is not related to arrangement or look of the objects or items. An examle is when a child is presented with a glass full of water, will they be able to deduct that if that same water is transferred to a broader but plumper cup, then will it conserve the quantity and be the same Piaget argues that during the early childhood stage (below 6 years), children's ability to perform logical mental operations is inadequate. In his research, Piaget identified four stages in cognitive development namely; Sensorimotor stage (Infancy), Pre-operational stage(2-7 years), Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) and Formal operational stage (Adolescence through adulthood). ... Children in pre operational stage fail the the test of conservation because their thinking process does not comprehend the three principles of reversibility, compensation and identity. This has been interpreted to mean that before certain ages children are not able to perceive things in certain ways. The theories have found wide usage especially in developing school curricula, however other psychologists have disagreed with them. They have argued that conservation tasks do not necessarily reveal an essential limitation in the child's appreciation of quantity. Below are some of the arguments as to why children may fail to conserve: That the subjects may be distracted by the procedure. They may think that the experimenter wants them to answer in a certain way especially if the question is repeated. That the child may forget if the experimenter interfered with the information stored in Short Term Memory. Porpodas (1987). The children may not understand the relational terms. That the conservation task being artificial would normally make no sense to a child. Lenz (2003) argues that Piaget does not take into account matters of simplicity or complexity of the task and that if a task is simple enough the child may perform correctly but if complex, even an older child may make pre-operational mistakes. Indeed, in an effort to illustrate that children younger than in Piaget's typical age can conserve, many researchers have modified Piaget's original procedure. For instance McGarrigle and Donaldson (1975) assert that if the transformation is bought about accidentally then the number of 5-6 year olds conserving will go up. This study is to

Operations objectives at the Penang Mutiara Case Study

Operations objectives at the Penang Mutiara - Case Study Example Operations performance ensures customer satisfaction hence it is easy to retain them. Operations performance in the hotel industry means ensuring proper service delivery to customers. The management has a task of ensuring the staff deals with the customer in a desired way, for example, the staff must have the ability to portray courtesy to the customers (Slack et al. 40). Since the customers may have various questions concerning services or other matters, the staff should possess relevant skills for answering questions from the customer. They should have sufficient hospitality and the hotel management tips to enable them respond suitably to customer’s needs. The hotel management has a responsibility of ensuring best condition of hotel facilities. This means that buildings, furniture and all equipment that support service delivery to customers are in superb condition. Performing best choice of hardware for the hotel is vital because it creates a good impression of the hotel. Ma nagers should choose best designs for the hotel to enhance durability. This is important because the hotel looks fabulous for a long period. Customer satisfaction commences with the right impression followed by the services (Slack et al. 40). The management is responsible for its functions to ensure competitiveness in the hotel industry. Managers perform planning, coordination and controlling of various issues in business. This is important because the hotel looks fabulous for  the long period.

Management by culture is another way of exercising control in Essay - 1

Management by culture is another way of exercising control in organizations. Critically discuss this statement with reference to issues of power, control and r - Essay Example In the process of understanding the management system and function in a work place, the culture should also be given a priority in exercising management system in a work place. Usually, work place often times have a lot of unresolved issues primary because each citizen who works together in a small unit of an office acquired ideas, concepts and values because they have different cultures. This is about the values, the upbringing that each individual possess or holds on to, and these concepts have a significant part on how an individual handles a business or any decision that they make in a working environment. Briefly, there are systems by which we can control and have a conducive working environment fit for all cultures and that will be discussed in the process of the paper. Each particular segment will provide a brief review of literature that have been stipulated and used by some corporation, which in the process provided a total shift and change of working relationship with fellow co-workers. Also, through the process of reorganization of working conditions, the collegues themselves found out that through management by culture, their work environment become much better and their work progress accordingly because they are able to connect and communicate with one another. One of the greatest mentors in Management was Alasdair MacIntyre. ... Probably, this method of making things done applied in the beginning, such that during the time of industrial evolution wherein the best place to earn and become productive is if a person is working in a factory or office or wherever. But the times have changed and people have developed a sense of pride and understand that force is not the way to make things work in an office set up. There had been a lot of rules and laws that have been passed on to addressed these unrighteous working condition. Now most companies are geared to a globalise community. Each organization has at least 10 different nationalities working together and need to co-exist accordingly beside the fact that they are also trying to understand the working ethics that is trying to unify their common goal and perspective to make certain and progress in the work place or community. To begin with we shall understand the important of management prior to proceeding with the cultural relationship that holds a crucial part in any management organization. According to one the Motivation book by W. Taylor, he said, "In dealing with the employees under this type of management, it is an inflexible rule to talk to and deal with only one person or staff at a time. Since each employee has their own special abilities and limitations, and also since we are not dealing with men in masses, but are trying to develop each individual person to his highest state of efficiency and prosperity. Our first step was to find the proper workman to begin with. We therefore carefully watched and studied these 75 men for three or four days, at the end of which time we had picked out four men

PERSONAL LEADERSHIP ASSESSMENTS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PERSONAL LEADERSHIP ASSESSMENTS - Assignment Example Coaching leadership has helped me recognize that the essence of leadership is having a conscience that drives you to want to make a difference and inspire progress by building personal strengths among the team members. As a team leader, coaching leadership to me is characterized as one which helps in connecting individual goals to that of a larger group where I ensure that I delegate work, realize strengths and weaknesses of team members and urge them to work hard to achieve the set ends. I consider myself a mentor to the team members and help in improving their talents, strengths and providing guidance for maximum productivity is both my duty and responsibility. As a team leader, one of my greatest strengths is leadership communication. Communication comes naturally to me; over the years, I have perfected my ability to command an audience especially while interacting and while on the job with team members. This is something I learnt from Terry Pierce’s Leading Out Loud: Inspi ring Change through Authentic Communication. Pierce believes that proper leadership communication builds resonance (Pierce, 2003). The lesson here is that leadership communication revolves around growth and change, which is to say that communication creates a story line, that is, a past, a present, and a future. The rationale of leadership, therefore, revolves around inspiring true commitment through communication and guidance; a leader ought to be able to reach out to people by speaking genuinely from the heart (Pierce, 2003). As Scouller (2011) notes, even the best leaders are likely to miss something seeing as nobody is perfect. As for me, there are certain behaviors that I am likely to neglect. To begin with, it is important to note that some leaders may fall short of having the ability to command authority. Despite the fact that leadership may entail some form of empathy, it is very important for any kind of leader to command authority over the subjects (Parsons & Cohen, 2008). This is very essential in instilling structure and discipline and as such, the failure to do so may be a major setback to effective leadership. Gaining control over the team is the second thing that I am most likely to neglect given my choice of leadership philosophy. Gaining relative control over the team is quintessential to leadership since it allows a leader to manage the team effectively (Scouller, 2011). The absence of effective control leads to indiscipline and lawlessness, which is a major setback to leadership. Command is the third leadership trait that I am likely to neglect. Leadership may at times entail making commands so that subordinates are dedicated to accomplishing their tasks as opposed to being emphatic with team members, which may make team members slack behind. Many would agree to be successful some form of command would bring more results as opposed to empathy (Parsons & Cohen, 2008). The fourth behavior is unruliness on the part of the team members. Having e mpathy is likely to blindside me subsequently compromising my ability to create a compliant team.

To Change Helmet Law with no exceptions Essay Example for Free

To Change Helmet Law with no exceptions Essay Motorcycle is a popular means of transport in United States of America. It is used either for sports or purely as a means of travel. In Law terms motorcycle is defined as a motor vehicle that has rider’s saddle designed to be moved on the land by less than three wheels. Just like any motor vehicle, motorcycle has devices that are meant to protect a rider from: strong wind, falling objects and injuries in case of an accident. Protective devices include jackets, special pants, helmets among others. Helmets are very important devices that protect the rider by reducing the impact in case of an accident. It protects the head, one of most important parts of the body that houses the brain, eyes, nose and other vital organs. Studies have shown that in case of an accident most of the riders who had helmets had none or had less serious injuries. This shows how vital this protective gear is, it’s a matter of life and death. It is not enough to just wear a helmet a rider should only use a gear that meets Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to ensure maximum protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States motorcycle laws require that riders wear helmet but there are exceptions when it come to the age of a rider. States laws have the same exception clause for example in Florida if a rider is over 21 years of age one is exempted as long as he or she has a at least a medical insurance cover of 10,000 dollars while in Louisiana the law makes it optional for those who are over 18 years and has a proof of a medical cover of a at least 10,000. Some states such as Iowa and Illinois have no restriction as far as helmets are concerned. It is not mandatory to wear this protective device in these states. They leave it to the rider’s discretion to choose on whether a helmet will be part of their safety devices or not. (Adams J.G., 1983)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In   the September 1979 issue of Institute of Transportation Engineers journal Chang C.S states that laws recognize the importance of wearing helmets in protecting the riders against serious head injuries, but when it exempts some groups of people, their lives which it purports to protect are exposed from danger of their own making. These exceptions relaxes the law making it less effective in terms of safeguarding our safety at the same time entertaining violations since it is impossible to know whether one has fulfilled the conditions of age and personal accident cover unless thorough scrutiny is employed and in some cases an accident and probably death will have occurred.[34-8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In spite of the fact that law requires people of minority age wear helmets, this age group is known to violate these rules and when an accident occurs they suffer serious head injuries which are in some cases fatal. At the same time accident knows no age boundary, riders who are over 18 years and in some states over 21 are prone to accidents. Therefore having exceptions on assumption that a person of majority age is either responsible or will ride cautiously is baseless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the motorcyclists who cruise on our highways at dangerous speeds are inexperienced and careless they not only put the lives of others in danger but theirs also. Since most of them are ignorant of their safety and so much in hurry, protective device will be the last thing in their mind but if some strict rules are put in place having no exemptions, the rider will stop and think about a helmet if not for protection to avoid rubbing the law enforcers the wrong way. This will go along way in reducing fatalities and permanent disabilities in our highways making them safer. Hurtunian N.S. et al [1983] in their article The economic of safety deregulation. noted that there are millions of motorcyclists in United States, this is enough to take some urgent measures and make our laws to safeguard their lives and make millions of others who directly depend on them have a peace of mind. [14] These policies were supposed to be in place yesterday meaning time is of essence, further delay indicates that many Americans will continue to die due to causes which are preventable. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report shows that more than 4000 motor riders died in United States roads in 2004, this figure represented an eight percent increase. Fatalities as result of motorcycles accidents account for five percent of all accidents in United States. If this is not enough to make our lawmakers take a step and put the necessary measures in place this figure can only move northwards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dare, C.E. et al [1979] argues that since it is mandatory for every auto mobile using roads in United States to have safety belts. It is not stated that those who are of certain age are exempted from this rule, since motorcycles use the same highways it leaves no doubt in my mind that the same no exception rule should be applied to motorcyclist. Applying laws selectively only makes implementation difficult. Motorcyclist in Illinois and Iowa are at the same risk of injury and probably death as those in Texas.Harmonisation of policies requiring use of helmets for all will make this man made machine a safe vehicle for use regardless of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is common knowledge that motorcycle account for only two percent of all the motor vehicles that use our roads yet in terms of fatal accidents involving them the figure is a worrying nine percent, surely something must be done here. All motorcyclists should be required to have this device whenever on ride and this should also apply to any other occupant. In states where policies have been strengthened requiring all rider use helmet there have been a significant drop in fatalities. Through implementation of laws in California exempting no one in 1992 there was a reduction in fatalities by thirty six percent. Relaxation of rules has had serious implication with Texas reporting decline in usage of helmet and increase in serious injuries and fatalities. Luna G.k. et al in the August 1981 edition of The Western Journal of Medicine emphasized that helmets can save lives and I truly agree with his sentiments and its high time that our policy makes understood this and change the laws in all our states requiring all to wear helmets and help reduce the motor accidents fatalities and serious head injuries [135-9] Work cited Chang, C.   A Cross cultural Classification of Effective Use of Helmets in motorcycle,   Ã‚   Accident Injuries, Institute of Transportation. Engineers Journal. September. 1981 Hurtunian N.S., Et al.   The Economics of Deregulation: Lives and Dollars Lost Due to    Repeal of Motorcycle Helmet Laws. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 1983 Dare, C. Et al. Effects of Motorcycle Safety Helmet Use on Injury Location and Severity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before and After Helmet Law Repeal in Colorado. Institute of Transportation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engineers Journal, October. 1979; 14-18 Luna G.K. Et al. The role of helmets in Reducing Head injuries a From Motorcycle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accidents: Apolitical or Medical issue? The western Journal of medicine. August,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1981. Adams J.G, Public Safety legislation and the Risk compensation hypothesis of   Ã‚   Motorcycle helmet Legislation Environment and planning. 1983; 45-50

The past on the present Essay Example for Free

The past on the present Essay She sits very primly and waits for her sisters return. Williams also tells us that she has had a troubled past, and has trouble with alcohol: Ive got to keep hold of myself, said to herself after she drinks some whiskey from a drinks cabinet, then wipes her glass as if to show that she hasnt drunk any, as if wanting people to think of her as pure and untouched. Her trouble with alcohol is reflected several times through the play, as she drinks a lot, while pretending not to do so. This shows us that she has something to hide from her friends and family. And she is also very nervous, probably since shes in new surroundings, as she jumps when the cat screeches. It is interesting how Williams uses music and sound effects to support the scene, like the Varsouviana or the cat screeching. In this case, this accentuates the tension and nervousness in Blanche, and shows the audience that she is close to a nervous breakdown. Blanches long monologue to her sister is a sign to us of her mental breakdown, exhibiting to us her increasing burden over the years. She seems to be overly selfish, by implying that she was some sort of angel, when she knows shes not: I did not lie in my heart, a line that is uttered later in the play to Stanley. Blanche paints a very grim picture of her dying relatives, but this morbid recollection gives us an idea of her suffering and sorrow in the past at Belle Reve. Belle Reve, in French, literally translates as Beautiful Dream, and this beautiful dream was shattered for Blanche. Another way that Williams dramatises the past is through the taking apart of Blanches trunk by Stanley. We can establish that Stanley believes that the Du Bois were extremely well off, shown by the high-class accessories that Blanche owns: The treasure chest of a pirate! We realise that Blanche used the stuff in her games of seduction in her home town, but only as the play progresses, and we also realise that these games dont work on Stanley, since he isnt taken in by her wiles, as he later says, Some men are took in by this Hollywood stuff, some men are not. Even though Blanche is not the topic of conversation, we can deduce that Stanley is directly referring to her. When Williams first introduces the boy, Allen, we are left in thought, since he tells us nothing other that the boy and Blanche were married, and that he died. But when Stanley rips open a stack of Allens poems, we are shown Blanches history all in a rush. She says that I hurt him the way you would like to hurt me, but you cant. This is directed at Stanley, and shows the audience that Blanche not completely stupid, and knows that Stanley is out to break the bond between herself and Stella. She even refers to herself, indirectly, unbeknown to Stanley, when saying that Belle Reve was lost piece by piece through epic fornications, or to her male relatives and ancestors. Williams could be suggesting that women were victims at Belle Reve, while the men were the rulers, which also relates to Stanleys old-fashioned ideas about the superiority of men. The Poker Night is very significant, since it shows the audience the complete contrast between Blanche and Stanley and his gang. We know that Blanche is portrayed dressed in white, while the men all flaunt bright, primitive colours. The brightness shows the men as full of life and zest, as compared with a sombre and pure white, as worn by Blanche. And when Mitch talks to Blanche, she is reluctant initially to open up to him, but when she does, she tells him everything about her past, about the boy, and Belle Reve. This slow opening up is symbolic, since it shows that Blanche is closed up at first, until she thinks she can trust someone. Blanche is always taking baths, since she still believes herself to be unsullied and pure, and wants to maintain this. She thinks that by bathing, she can get rid of the dirt that she collects on herself while in contact with Stanley, i. e. all his slandering against the Du Bois family name, and whom she believes to be lower than herself. But even she knows that everything she does is a fai ade, as she herself sings, Its a Barnum and Bailey world, Just as phony as it can be-But it wouldnt be make-believe if you believed in me!, which is contrasted by dialogue between Stella and Stanley, when Stanley takes apart her story. Even Blanche realises that she is living a lie, but doesnt think that anyone else realises that, and that she can continue living in her dream world. Williams tells us that since Blanche couldnt deal with the death around her at Belle Reve, she turned to sex, to the kindness of strangers. She has always relied on this to get her through, to make sure that she has a warm bed to sleep at night. But her past association with many men have given her a reputation in her home town, and this is dramatised by the gradual decay of her mental facilities, as she realises that her act doesnt work any more on men. So unless she finds some permanent shelter, she will be left without anyone who will acknowledge her, everyone needs to be acknowledged. A Streetcar Named Desire is a very interesting play, in which the playwright, Tennessee Williams, successfully dramatises the influence of the past on the present through the use of music, stage directions and the actions of the characters.

Instrument Rules vs Targeting Rules

Instrument Rules vs Targeting Rules Instrument rules vs targeting rules? Should Central Banks commit to a simple instrument rule such as the Taylor Rule? How well does such a rule explain Central Bank behaviour? Do targeting rules provide a more compelling alternative? The Taylor rule has had a wide-reaching effect on the literature surrounding monetary policy design. It is a simple instrument rule which aims to show how interest rates should respond to two economic indicators: Inflation and Output. This simple rule has led to the â€Å"Taylor Principle† which has been said to be useful in guiding policy design. Many studies have been done to determine whether or not the Taylor rule appears to guide monetary policy in many central banks. However there has been a vocal group that criticises the Taylor Rule and instrument rules in general as being inflexible and not allowing for discretionary measures, this has sparked lively debate between the two sides of the debate. This essay will examine the literature surrounding the Taylor Rule and analyse the good and bad aspects of the rule. In addition to this the empirical studies examining the Taylor Rule will be discussed. Furthermore a brief look targeting rules will provide a useful counterpoint to the analysis of instrument rules. Literature surrounding the Taylor Rule Before discussion of the literature surrounding the Taylor Rule can begin it is necessary to define what Central banks aim to achieve with monetary policy. Most agree that inflation targeting is a key concern for central banks with the aim being to keep it at a low and stable level. In addition to this there are concerns for keeping a stable level of output which should aim to keep it at a level around potential output and for general control of monetary aggregates such as money supply. With these objectives in place the Taylor rule can now be examined in how it allows central banks to follow a simple rule to meet its objective. The Taylor rule is a simple instrument rule which shows that interest rates should be determined by the inflation gap and the output gap as shown in this equation: (Walsh, 2003, p.546) The à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § coefficients are both >0. This being added to the real interest rates leads to the Taylor principle which states that a deviation from the target rate of inflation should be met with a larger than one to one change in the nominal rate of interest. This is called the â€Å"Taylor Principle† and the empirical literature surrounding central bank behaviour aims to find evidence of the Taylor Principle adhered to by Central Banks. Bernanke (2004) describes the above equation as a simple feedback policy due to the central bank reacting to feedback from the economy on a number of variables that can be estimated at the time and don’t rely on forecasting. As the literature around the Taylor rule has grown so too has the variations of the model which have included both lagged variables and forecasting (Clarinda, et al.) It has also been adapted to provide guidelines for a variety of monetary policy regimes as Orphanides (2007, p.15) has pointed out two examples; one being a money growth regime and the other an inflation targeting regime. The Taylor Rule and the principle which follows on from it serve as a good starting point for monetary policy making due to its simplicity allowing a variety of variations of it to suit a variety of needs and thus serves a useful benchmark. Its simplicity provides a host of other benefits well. Firstly its ability to relate policy to the state of economy by showing how interest rates, inflation and output interact with each other it provides a good guideline for central banks to follow. In addition to if a central bank can commit to such a rule it will provide a baseline for expectations regarding future monetary policy for financial markets and other private agents. There are many criticisms of the Taylor Rule. Svensson (2003) and Woodford (2001) both imply that rules may be too simplistic to carry out the task of dictating monetary policy. Svensson (2003) also argues that it doesn’t contain enough economic variables to be useful. He mentions the exchange rate, terms of trade as well as others which may be of importance to a central bank in a small open economy. Thus he concludes that any policy using Taylor Instrument rules will be sub-optimal (Svensson, 2003, p.442). McCallum and Nelson rebut this by citing two models (Clarida et al. (2000) and McCallum Nelson (1999)) which are open-economy models which don’t require terms other than the interest rate, output and inflation rate. (McCallum Nelson, 2004, p.600) Tschandize et al. (2005) also points out that any recommendation based off of a formula is likely to ignore the judgment policymakers use in light of other developments not captured in the output gap or inflation behaviour. There are also practical problems with the Taylor rule though. Firstly the measures of both output and inflation can have a very different result depending on how they are measured (Yearly or Quarterly Data) and also due to measurement errors. (Orphanides, 2007) This could have a significant effect on parameters and lead to sub optimal policy making. Furthermore when there is deflation the Taylor rule if followed mechanically would demand a negative interest rate which is highly unlikely if not impossible due to the existence of a zero lower bound. Finally say if the inflation target was met and output was at its natural level then the rule dictates we set nominal rates at the real interest rate plus inflation. This presents numerous problems as there is extreme difficulty in measuring what is the natural long run rate of interest due to it being unobservable and having to be obtained implicitly. The Taylor rule is however generally held by all to be a good model considering its limited number of variables and serves as a good starting point for the oft complex task of creating monetary policy. Also if the Taylor rule is indeed followed as a rule many of the criticisms levelled against it are entirely valid, however if seen as a policy guideline rather than an iron clad law it is a lot more flexible and can instead inform policy makers rather than dictate them. Empirical Studies of the Taylor Rule Empirical studies tend to utilise rational expectations of forecasts, especially the model developed by Clarinda et al. this specification of the model is intuitively true as it would be rational to assume that central banks are forward looking in their policymaking due to the time lag between taking action and seeing that action having an effect it is better to take the action now for a forecast. In their study they find that the Taylor Principle held up well and you could accurately describe the policy undertaken by the Fed, Bundesbank and the Bank of Japan in the time frame studied. Clarinda et al go a step further and also include lagged variables of interest, regressions ran on interests rate with the coefficient on lagged inflation is both large and statistically significant implying serial correlation. For example Clarinda et al. find that with the fed two lagged variables of interest rates for the fed is both large and statistically significant. Some argue it implies that the fed is following an interest smoothing policy. This interest smoothing policy is intuitive for a number of reasons, for example central banks also use data from financial markets amongst others when deciding interest rates, and thus an interest smoothing policy would aim to not destabilize these other macroeconomic variables which would not be good for an economy’s wellbeing. This has been referred to as an illusion by Rudebusch (2002). He shows that if the Fed did adopt a gradual policy then it would be predictable but he argues that evidence from forward rates does not support this view. In addition to this Lansing shows econometrically why gradual smoothing appears. If the fed is using real time data to update its trend output each period then when the final data is produced due to the serial correlation between the real time errors will make it appear to be correlated with lagged interest rates. This creates the illusion of interest rate smoothing. More general points of criticism have been raised by many others (Perez(2001) Tschiadize et al. (2005) and Orphanides (2007). Perez (2001) argues argue that if we used real time data available to policymakers at the time we would find that the results do not hold up well and that in the period before the so called great deviation we would see that the Taylor rule was followed in the period of the great inflation (Perez, 2001). Orphanides (2007) argues that many studies have fallen into the trap of using revised ex-post data instead of the data available at the time, this error leads to results which provide no real insight into how decisions were made at the time. This point is also made by Tschandize (2005) Tschadize also points out that the structural change in an economy must be taken into account and thus it would be difficult to impose the same coefficients and targets on of one regime on another without accounting for structural changes. They elaborate by saying that while the structure of the economy may not change attitudes may change which may shift the result of the Taylor Rule equation due to different weights placed on the inflation variance and the output gap, and also a change in targets. Both of these would drastically change In addition to this many papers provide a counterfactual account of what should’ve been done. However with the benefit of hindsight and revised datasets it is very easy to say what should be done. Furthermore a study of this sort is of limited use as it is purely theoretical and is subject to the same limitations outlined above. They mention a 2003 study by Rogoff which shows that the smoothing of inflation may have occurred anyway due to favourable conditions in the macroeconomic environment, primarily globalization which put a downward pressure on prices due to increased competition from abroad so the evidence of Taylor Rules controlling inflation may be overstated. The empirical studies surrounding the Taylor rule have provided great insights into the conduct of monetary policy historically and have given insights into what works and has deepened our understanding of monetary policy. However there are many flaws in many of these studies which limits how many conclusions we can draw from them. Targeting Rules Could targeting rules provide a better alternative to an instrument rule? Svennson has been a strong advocate of targeting rules based on forecasting. One thing to note is that the Taylor rule is explicit whereas the model Svensson advocates is implicit in that inflation and output gaps matter but not because of themselves but in the way they affected the forecast for inflation. This particular model of optimal targeting relies heavily on developments made in consumption theory, Svensson argues that they are superior as they are structural, robust and compact. This model hinges on a very simple Euler Equation. This of course has come under criticism but it is irrefutable that it is compelling in its simplicity and its ability to distil the complexities of policymakers decision making into the very simple form of essentially MRS=MRT. The Euler condition is simply this: Et (Eq. 2 Svensson 2003, p.616) How does this relate to targeting rules? Targeting rules aim to minimise the loss between the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between inflation and the output gap and the marginal rate of transformation between inflation and output is determined by the aggregate supply (AS) relationship between inflation and unemployment. Svensson (2005) notes that aggregate demand doesn’t determine the marginal rate of transformation (MRT), therefore the model is robust to changes in the AD relationship. This is an intuitive idea as policymakers have a preference over inflation and output just as a consumer has a preference over consumption today or tomorrow. Thus, a decision is made over how much output and inflation, which is dependent on the trade-off between them, which is given by the AS curve. So the principle of MRS=MRT can be applied to monetary policy. This principle is independent of any model and Svennson believes that this should drive a policymaker’s decision making not simply adhering to an instrument rule. Svennson (2005) outlines the central bank’s optimal targeting rule as: (Svensson, 2005, Eq.3) This rule is a structural model of monetary policy, in the same way that AS and AD are structural (and they are designed to capture price-setting and consumption choice respectively). As previously stated this essentially captures the equality MRS=MRT. MRS being given by the central banks preferences between inflation and output with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  capturing the weight authorities place on output variability. The MRT being given by à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡x à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is the slope of the short-run Philips curve which captures the trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Svennson (2005) says it is also robust to shocks and judgement since there is no variable in the rule to capture this. Finally he states that targeting rules are superior to instrument rules as they are more compact. This means that they can explain the same amount with less variables which can only be a good thing as it should lead to less errors. McCallum and Nelson (2004) argue that targeting rules are specific to a particular model. As they rely on assumptions of the dynamics of the models IS and Phillips curves amongst other structural equations. (2004, p.599) They criticise them as although they are optimal for a particular model they may well not be optimal in another model. In contrast they argue that instrument rules can be defined outside particular models and can be tested in other models, and that the best instrument rule over the range of models can be selected. They provide numerical examples in which the optimal rule in one model can give results in other models that are more than twice as bad as the optimum for that model (2004, p.599) They then run some simulations and conclude that there is little difference between the performance of instrument and targeting rules when a mistake is made regarding economic conditions. They argue that targeting rules are not superior to instrument rules in this respect. Svensson (2005) counters that if the error is not immediately realised, instrument rules can perform very badly. He also points out that whereas targeting rules are by definition optimal, varying the response coefficient in instrument rules finitely (rather than infinitely) can on some occasions only get close to optimality Targeting rules provide a good alternative to instrument rules and provide many benefits over instrument rules as shown above. That is not to say that it isn’t without its flaws but it does appear to more accurately model the behaviour of central banks as Conclusion Taylor rules and more generally instrument rules have been the focus of a great deal of economic research. The idea of a simple policy rule is an enticing one as it would be easy to commit to and would allow for an easy understanding of monetary policy. However the main issue is its simplicity as has been pointed out by many, central banks rely on all sorts of data when making monetary policy decisions. This thought process cannot be hoped to be captured in a simple instrument rule. It has found some success in empirical studies however with many showing that there is evidence of central banks making use of the Taylor rule and Principle but these findings should be taken with a pinch of salt as there are of course no certainties that central banks strictly followed a Taylor rule and also many critics have discredited some of the findings. However the results are still impressive considering the model has performed admirably in the years after it was first published in 1993 and still provides a compelling idea as to how monetary policy should be conducted and provides a reasonable explanation of central bank actions over the years. The development of optimal targeting rules has led to a compelling alternative to proposed instrument rules with its simplicity and strong micro foundations providing a model that holds up well to analysis. Indeed it is superior to instruments in a variety of ways due to its implicit nature and in the way it captures the principle that monetary policy is a case of getting MRS=MRT which is independent of any model and it leaves more scope for judgement to be used in how best to achieve this equilibrium. Of course it is not without its flaws such as its specificity to certain models and its inability to be used in other models. Unlike an instrument rule which is easy to apply and examine in a variety of models and the best rule can be selected. So the debate will continue and instrument rules and in particular the Taylor Rule are still relevant in the debate over the best way to conduct monetary policy due to its simplicity and it will serve as a useful guide for policymakers in the fu ture but the development of optimal targeting rules does provides a compelling alternative which is in my opinion a better model of monetary policy than any instrument rules as it more accurately captures the decisions facing policymakers due to its simplicity.

Essay --

The events of Hara-kiri can be contextualized within a span of time that saw both the end of decades of war, and the unification of Japan. The unification of Japan ushered in a new line of Shoguns, Shoguns with the momentous task of designing a social and legal system that would prevent the usurpation of power by the many fringe yet powerful daimyo. Believing in the Machiavellian idea that â€Å"fear is simply a means to an end, and that end is security for the prince,† the Tokagawa Shoguns implemented a series of policies in which petty crimes were met with harsh punishments. To any astute observer, such a legal system is sure to breed hypocrisy. Indeed, it was during this time that the bushido code’s emphasis on honor dwindled. To most samurai during this time, the bushido code’s high standards of honor were unobtainable2, making disobedience common and sometimes unavoidable. But to acknowledge disobedience meant certain death, and was thus unheard of. It was i n this unjust milieu that the events of Hara-kiri unfolded. Both Motome and the retainers of the Iyi were honorable samurai motivated by an inextinguishable desire to protect the ones they love; however, the unjust policies of the Shogun made this desire incompatible with the high standards of the bushido code, driving both parties to reluctantly defy the code. The use of the armor in the first scene establishes that the Iyi are honorable samurai, and shows their desire for the public to perceive them as such. The scene begins with a close up of the helmet. The camera is held at eye level, allowing the viewer to look directly into the eyes. The camera then switches to a position below the midline, close to the feet and points upwards at the helmet, the view of a person on hi... ...triguing to consider Motome’s state of mind when as he commits seppuku. Did he die hating the Iyi for allowing him to commit seppuku? Or did he ultimately realize the foolishness of his actions and that the Iyi had no other alternative? The latter is most likely true. In the moments before his death, we see Motome with his head down. He is relaxed and calm, his irrationality gone. He realizes that the Iyi’s decision to allow him to go through with his seppuku was not born out of greed or hate, but out of love, a love for the members of the clan and a desire to protect them from the possible repercussions of dishonor. He then breaks the clam, takes his sword, but he does not fight like Tsugumo does. He thrusts the sword into his stomach, performing seppuku for the retainers of the Iyi and their wives and children, ensuring none of them will ever be in his situation.

welfare reform :: essays research papers

divorced, deserted, and minority mothers and their children. Few private and government retirement pensions existed in the United States before the Great Depression. The prevailing view was that individuals should save for their old age or be supported by their children. About 30 states provided some welfare aid to poor elderly persons without any source of income. Local officials generally decided who deserved old-age assistance in their community. The emphasis during the first two years of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" was to provide work relief for the millions of unemployed Americans. Federal money came to the states pay for public works projects, which employed the jobless. Some federal aid also directly assisted needy victims of the Depression. The states, however, remained mainly responsible for taking care of the unemployables (widows, poor children, the elderly poor, and the disabled). But states and private charities, too, were unable to keep up the support of these people at a time when tax collections and personal giving were declining steeply. In his State of the Union Address before Congress on January 4, 1935, President Roosevelt said â€Å"the time has come for action by the national government" to provide "security against the major hazards and vicissitudes [uncertainties] of life." He went on to propose the creation of federal unemployment and old-age insurance programs. He also called for guaranteed benefits for poor single mothers and their children along with other dependent persons. By permanently expanding federal responsibility for the security of all Americans, Roosevelt believed that the necessity for government make-work employment and other forms of Depression relief would disappear. In his address before Congress, Roosevelt argued that the continuation of government relief programs was a bad thing for the country: â€Å"lessons of history, confirmed by the evidence immediately before me, show conclusively that continued dependence upon relief induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. To dole out relief in this way is to administer a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit . . ..† A few months later, on August 18, 1935, Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act. It set up a federal retirement program for persons over 65, which was financed by a payroll tax paid jointly by employers and their workers. FDR believed that federal old-age pensions together with employer-paid unemployment insurance (also a part of the Social Security Act) would provide the economic security people needed during both good and bad times.

The Time Machine Essay -- essays research papers

The main characters in The Time Machine were The Time Traveler, Weena (an Eloi who The Time Traveler rescued), the Eloi as a race and the Morlocks as a race. Now that you know the main characters, I will explain their purpose in the novel and their behaviors. Weena was by far the most interesting character in the novel. She was an Eloi who was drowning while trying to bathe in a river. The Time Traveler quickly jumped into the river and rescued her. Weena then started following The Time Traveler everywhere during his explorations. He learned about the Eloi people and their language and the Morlocks from Weena. The Time Traveler was definitely intelligent. He figured out a way to travel through time! He was also a very charming, rich and friendly man, a little too anxious and curious, I would say. His anxiousness made him go to another time unprepared, nothing with him but a package of matches. The Morlocks are a futuristic equivalent to our current day primates-just uglier, smellier and they live underground. They are very aggressive and are blinded by even weak sources of light. The Morlocks are carnivorous and sometimes make a meal of an Eloi. The Eloi are a beautiful, friendly and fragile race of small creatures. They seem to have a great fear of the dark, because that is when the Morlocks come out from their Underworld. Both are descendents of humans. The Morlocks stole The Time Machine (I think) to lure The Time Traveler into the brass gates so they co...