Mutiple Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mutiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example In addition, this disease is commonly reported among the female gender besides affecting young adults. At certain incidences, the infection may lead to either physical or cognitive disability (Kalb, 2011). Hence, worsen the ailing person’s condition because it assumes either relapse or progressive state (Kalb 2011). The disease’s pathophysiology is widely unknown to many, though numerous studies are underway with the intention of ascertaining other factors about it (Lezzoni, 2010). Multiple Sclerosis presents itself in two phases (Lezzoni, 2010). The initial phase encompasses brain hidden damage whereas the second is spinal cord paralysis (Lezzoni, 2010). During these phases, most lesions characterize the silent areas of brain damage thus, becoming difficult for doctors to detect them. What follows is infiltration of immune cells known as demyelination (Lezzoni, 2010). The depiction of this state mostly encompasses white matter and lesions appearing mainly in a peri-ventricular pattern (Lezzoni, 2010). Besides the intense injury of the normal white matter, the illness also damages cortex and profound gray material nuclei (Lezzoni, 2010). Symptoms of this illness majorly occur due to the accumulation of lesions in the central nervous system (Lezzoni, 2010). The most notable symptoms of th is disease encompass lapses, which are due to axonal conduction at the trace of the lesions (Lezzoni, 2010). Multiple sclerosis lesions in the brain and spinal cord lead to the damage of numerous central nervous system parts (Lezzoni, 2010). The disease professes various clinical symptoms that can be either mild or aggressive. For instance, numbness in limbs, slurred speech, fatigue and dizziness which represent mild symptoms, whereas vision impairment, pain in various body parts, lack of body coordination and balance breakdowns encompass aggressive symptoms (Lezzoni, 2010). Infected persons are extremely

Tuition Fees in British Universities Essay Example for Free

Tuition Fees in British Universities Essay Review   all   the   arguments   for   and   against   the   introduction   of   Tuition   Fees   for   entry   into   British   Universities   as   reported   in   the   media. Introduction British   higher   education   enjoyed   the   golden   days   of   70s   –   80s   when   the   generous   support   of   taxpayer   was   even   protected   from   the   intrusion   of   the   Government   by   the   autonomous   University   Grants   Committee.   During   this   period,   not   only   there   were   no   tuition   fees   but   there   was   also   a   generous   means-tested   mandatory   grants   enjoyed   by   most   of   the   students. However,   these   generous   facilities   could   not   be   maintained   since   the   beginnings   of   1980s   and   the   gradual   abolition   of   support   started   with   eliminating   the   overseas   students’   subsidies,   limitations   in   the   eligibility   for   general   social   welfare   grants   and   the   freezing   of   mandatory   grants.    Eventually   grants   were   totally   abolished   in   1997   and   were   replaced   by   loans.   (Johnstone,   2004)   The   Labour   party   represented   by   Mr   Charles   Clarke,   Secretary   of   State   for   Education,   proposed   legislation   for   top-up   fees   which   became   law   in   the   Higher   Education   Act   2004,   though   it   will   be   implemented   in   the   2006   –   2007   academic   year. Previously   the   undergraduate   fees   in   most   universities   were    £1,050.   However,   by   the   implementation   of   differential   fees   or   top-up   the   universities   will   be   able   to   charge   much   more.   According   to   the   Guardian   (2002)   â€Å"The   new   proposals   would   mean   that   universities   could   charge   nearer   the   real   cost   of   studying,   thought   to   be   an   average   of    £5,000   in   the   UK.   But   depending   on   the   institution,   department   and   course,   it   could   be   much   more.   More   loans   would   be   available   to   allow   students   to   pay   fees   up   front.† This   issue   has   been   debated   by   different   parties   and   is   still   facing   a   lot   of   opposition   despite   the   fact   that   it   is   meant   to   be   implemented   in   the   academic   year   2006   –   2007.   In   this   paper   I   am   going   to   study   the   arguments   for   and   against   under   the   following   headings: The Political   Debate Universities and   Students’   Point   of   View Conclusions The   Political   Debate The   Government’s   debate   for   top-up   tuition   fees   originates   from   describing   the   role   and   mission   of   universities   and   the   challenges   they   face   to   accomplish   their   goals.   Mr   Clarke   summarises   the   ambitions   that   the   Government   is   planning   to   achieve   by   the   proposal   in   his   white   paper   as: â€Å"First,   our   universities   have   to   make   better   progress   in   harnessing   our   knowledge   to   the   process   of   creating   wealth. And,   second,   they   have   to   extend   the   opportunities   of   higher   education   to   all   of   our   population,   irrespective   of   their   personal   and   economic   background†Ã‚   (Clark’s   White   Paper   Speech) Then   he   further   states   the   role   of   universities   nationally   in   adapting   to   the   changing   world   and   effecting   change   rather   than   being   affected   by   it. â€Å"In   short,   in   a   world   of   accelerating   change,   we   all   need   to   understand   that   our   societys   principal   weapon   in   ensuring   that   we   master   change,   rather   than   surrendering   to   it,   is   our   education   system,   and   principally   our   universities† Then   he   identifies   the   missions   of   the   universities:   â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚   are   research,   knowledge   transfer   and,   perhaps   most   important   of   all,   teaching†Ã‚   (Clarke,   White   Paper   Speech)   Then   he   describes   the   challenges   universities   face   to   achieve   these   missions   and   argues   for   an   ‘endowment’   device   as   the   best   solution   for   creating   ‘a   financial   regime’.   However,   this   will   take   a   long   time   before   it   becomes   a   reliable   resource.   Therefore   he   argues   for   the   short   term   funding   and   concludes: â€Å"As   countries   throughout   the   world   have   discovered,   requiring   students   to   contribute   to   the   cost   of   their   education   is   the   only   realistic   alternative.† The   Government’s   justification   is   that   this   is   only   fair   since   graduates   earn   double   the   earnings   of   non-graduates   and   therefore   should   contribute   to   the   system   producing   the   considerable   economic   benefits   they   will   enjoy   as   graduates.   It   is   also   pointed   out   that   the   taxpayer   will   rightly   make   a   comparison   and   ask   what   they   benefit   from   their   support   of   the   system. The   Secretary   of   State   for   Education   announced   the   details   of   the   Government’s   proposal,   which   can   be   summarised   in   the   following   points: Universities will   be   able   to   vary   fees   from    £0   to    £3,000      but   fees   can   vary   between   courses,   not   just   between Disadvantaged students   will   get   financial   support   to   study   what   they   want   when   they All students   will   also   protect   by   abolishing   up-front      This   means   no   student      or   their   family      has   to   find   tuition   fees   before   they   start   their   course. Students will   be   helped   further   by   increasing   the   student   loan   in   line   with   living      Students   shouldnt   have   to   rely   on   credit   cards   and   commercial   debt. The bursary   system   will   also   be   fair   on   both   students   and   the   universities,   who   will   use   some   of   their   extra   income   to   provide The   immediate   criticism   made   was   that   the   Labour   Party   effected   the   legislation   though   their   manifesto   promise   regarding   tuition   fees   reads:   â€Å"We   have   no   plans   to   introduce   University   top-up   fees,   and   have   legislated   to   prevent   their   introduction.   The   defensive   rebuttal   made   by   the   Labour   Party   is   that   the   legislation   will   not   take   effect   during   2001   –   2005   Parliament   which   angered   even   the   supporters   of   the   Labour   Party   who   did   not   like   this   mechanism   of   defence. On   the   other   hand,   the   Liberal   Democrats   Party   has   a   strong   counter   debate   based   on   a   number   of   points.   Firstly   they   think   that   top-up   fees   are   unfair   for   a   number   of   reasons: They claim   that   tuition   fees   widened   the   gap   between   social   classes   the   evidence   for   which   is   provided   by   the   independent   National   Audit   Office,   which   belongs   to   the      In   their   research   report   in   the   Student   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   2002-2003   they   conclude   that   â€Å"The   social   class   gap   among   those   entering   higher   education   is   unacceptably   wide   and   has   widened. Tuition fees   have   been   a   strong   disincentive   for   access   to   higher   education;   and   now   with   the   top-up   fees   this   situation   will      In   fact,   this   is   the   conclusion   of   Professor   Claire   Callender   of   South   Bank   University   who   conducted   a   research   for   the   Government.   He   concludes:   Top-up   fees   of    £3000   will   put   even   more   poor   students   off   university. The poorest   students   are   affected   most   of   all   by   the   debt      This   is   evidential   in   the   Student   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   which   reports   that   in   2002-2003,   the   poorest   students   affected   by   the   burden   of   debt   were   43%   more   than   the   rich   students.   More   evidences   were   provided   by   Barclay   in   a   survey   conducted   in   2004   (Annual   Survey   of   Expected   Student   Debt)   which   revealed   that   the   projected   average   debt   on   graduation   is    £12,069   (up   10%   on   the   previous   year).   Barclays   surveys   also   predicted   that   debt   on   graduation   will   triple   by   2010,   to    £33,708. Another point   indicating   social   classes   gap   is   the   fact   that   poor   students   take   longer   hours   of   paid      Statistics   of   Students   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   of   2002-2003   report   that   58%   of   students   took   paid   work   during   term   time   while   this   was   47%   in   the   survey   of   1998-1999.   This   situation   is   particularly   bad   for   students   on   longer   courses,   e.g.   medical   students According to   their   ‘Sign   the   Petition’   article   titled   â€Å"Scrap   Tuition   Fees   and   Top-up   Fees†Ã‚   the   repayment   system   is   also      In   their   own   words: â€Å"The   post-graduation   repayment   system   will   impose   what   amounts   to   a   very   high   marginal   rate   of   income   tax   (higher   than   the   rate   paid   by   a   millionaire)   on   those   least   able   to   pay      young   graduates   just   out   of   college   and   those   working   in   lower   paid   jobs   in   the   public   services   and   voluntary   sector   (disproportionately   women   and   from   the   ethnic   minorities).   The   House   of   Commons   Library   concludes   that   graduates   earning   as   low   as    £35,115   are   already   paying   a   marginal   tax   rate   of   50%,   as   they   pay   off   their   student   loans.   They   will   be   doing   so   for   a   great   deal   longer   to   pay   off   much   greater   debts   if   top-up   fees   are   introduced   as   the   Government   proposes.   The   Library   figures   also   reveal   that   graduates   earning   as   little   as    £15,000   will   pay   a   marginal   tax   rate   of   42%,   more   than   the   current   marginal   rate   for   the   very   highest   earners.† Secondly,   the   Liberal   Democrats   claim   that   top-up   fees   will   not   solve   the   funding   problem.   While   there   is   no   question   that   universities   need   money,   the   important   question   is   where   this   money   should   come   from.   The   Government’s   argument   in   support   of   top-up   fees   is   that   it   will   create   â€Å"a   more   sustainable   funding   regime†,   the   same   justification   of   for   tuition   fees   which   did   not   sort   out   the   funding   problem   for   universities.   Similar   results   are   expected   with   top-up   fees. Top-up   fees   will   not   solve   the   funding   problem:   Everybody   agrees   that   universities   need   more   money.   The   question   is,   where   should   the   money   come   from?   The   Government   says   that   top-up   fees   are   needed   in   order   to   create   a   more   sustainable   funding   regime.   But   exactly   the   same   argument   was   used   to   justify   tuition   fees.   Instead,   funding   per   student   by   the   taxpayer   was   cut   during   Labours   first   term   in   office   and   tuition   fees   merely   plugged   the   gap,   leaving   universities   no   better   off.   The   same   is   likely   to   happen   with   top-up   fees. Thirdly   the   Liberal   Democrats   believe   that   the   Government’s   scheme   is   inefficient. â€Å"The   Government   is   switching   from   up-front   fees   to   post-graduation   repayment   via   the   student   loan   system.   The   cost   to   the   taxpayer   of   financing   this   debt   will   be   substantial.   The   Explanatory   Notes   published   alongside   the   Higher   Education   Bill   indicate   that,   in   order   to   raise    £1   billion   for   universities   in   top-up   fees   income,   the   cost   to   the   taxpayer   will   be   in   the   region   of    £445   million†Ã‚   (Scrap   the   Tuition   Fees   article). Finally   the   liberal   Democrats   are   of   the   opinion   that   education   should   be   free   and   nobody   should   be   denied   access   to   learning   because   of   their   financial   abilities.   This   cannot   be   achieved   unless   tuition   is   free. The   Liberal   Democrats   are   challenged   by   a   valid   question:   What   would   you   do?   They   promise   that   they   would   abolish   all   tuition   fees.   In   other   words   they   would   cancel   the   present    £1125   and   make   sure   that   no   other   charge   will   be   considered. In   addition   they   would   assist   the   low-income   students   by   reintroducing   maintenance   grants   to   meet   living   costs   and   restore   the   students’   right   to   housing   and   unemployment   benefits   during   summer.   The   assistance   will   not   be   limited   to   students   it   will   also   be   extended   to   universities   by   providing   more   resources   that   will   enable   them   to   recruit   and   retain   good   staff   and   improve   the   quality   of   services   in   terms   of   buildings   and   libraries   etc.   A   more   ambitious   resolution   is   the   following: â€Å"Develop   a   21st   century   higher   education   system   which   would   bring   together   universities,   further   education   and   e-learning,   open   up   routes   to   technical   and   vocational   as   well   as   academic   qualifications   and   make   it   easier   for   those   who   wish   to   study   part-time†Ã‚   (Scrap   Tuition   Fees   article† However,   how   is   this   going   to   be   achieved?   The   Liberal   Democrats   say   that   these   commitments   can   be   funded   by   their   proposed   50%   income   tax   for   those   who   earn   more   than    £100,000.   Whether   this   would   be   sufficient   or   not   is   another   question   to   be   answered. Universities   and   Students’   Point   of   View Universities   UK,   a   body   representing   vice-chancellors,   is   of   the   opinion   that   the   Education   Bill   (which   is   now   a   law)   is   necessary   and   fair.   (Brown,   2003)   Brown   emphasises   the   need   for   increased   funding   for   university   teaching,   which   had   been   reduced   over   the   last   two   decades   resulting   in   universities   facing   difficulties   to   achieve   their   main   goals.   He   asserts   that   â€Å"we   risk   losing   our   international   reputation   for   the   quality   and   effectiveness   of   our   higher   education   system.† Another   Universities   UK   authority   asked   to   comment   by   the   BBC   News   commented   as   follows: â€Å"Lets   look   at   what   is   actually   being   proposed   in   the   UK.   The   package   here   offers   students   no   up-front   fees,   loan   forgiveness   at   25   years,   no   real   rate   of   interest,   a   generous   grant   and   bursary   system   and   a   cap   on   the   fee   itself.   By   these   means,   the   UK   scheme   seeks   to   avoid   the   problems   which   others   have   found   elsewhere.   What   is   being   proposed   in   the   UK   will   ensure   that   the   poorest   students   will   be   better   off   while   studying   under   these   arrangements   than   they   are   now      and   they   are   also   effectively   indemnified   against   low   earnings   after   graduation.† Therefore,   we   can   conclude   that   universities   support   the   Government’s   proposal   and   see   it   as   the   most   appropriate   solution.   Brown   in   his   articles   dismissed   the   counter   argument   of   the   Conservatives   and   concluded   that   the   Government’s   proposal   is   fair   and   offers   a   sustainable   solution: â€Å"Universities   are   asking   for   a   major   increase   in   funding,   partly   from   public   funds   and   partly   from   individuals.   Given   the   scale   of   the   funding   gap,   Universities   UK   thinks   it’s   fair   to   ask   those   who   benefit   most   from   higher   education   –   graduates   –   to   contribute   proportionally   more   to   its   costs.   While   the   higher   earnings   of   graduates   mean   that   the   majority   of   UK   taxpayers   who   earn   over    £100,000   have   benefited   from   higher   education,   a   significant   proportion   of   this   group   have   not.   We   therefore   consider   this   solution   to   be   a   relatively   poorly   targeted   way   of   raising   the   necessary   money,   compared   with   the   form   of   progressive   taxation   offered   by   the   Government   proposals   which   targets   only   those   who   have   been   to   university.† On   the   other   hand,   students   represented   by   National   Union   of   Students,   seem   to   be   against   the   to-up   fees   scheme   and   are   pointing   out   the   fall   in   applications   for   universities   which   they   describe   as   â€Å"extremely   worrying†.   In   the   words   of   NUS   president   Kat   Fletcher,   â€Å"The   drop   in   applications   is   extremely   worrying,   and   suggests   that   top-up   fees   and   the   debt   they   represent   are   deterring   potential   students. According   to   Mandy   Telford,   National   Union   of   Students   president: â€Å"If   top-up   fees   come   in,   then   more   and   more   students   will   be   forced   to   choose   their   course   based   on   its   cost   and   therefore   put   themselves   at   a   disadvantage   before   they   even   graduate.   Increased   fees   will   mean   some   employers   will   look   at   the   cost   of   a   course   rather   than   a   graduates   ability.   Furthermore,   if   the   Government   does   not   provide   a   decent   student   funding   package,   then   those   students   forced   to   work   long   hours   in   paid   work   will   be   unable   to   get   involved   in   CV-enhancing   extra-curricular   activities.   This   will   further   widen   the   gulf   between   the   haves   and   have-nots   on   campus   and   after   grad uation.† It   is   obvious   that   the   students   are   against   the   scheme   and   are   worried   about   consequences   they   portrait   whether   they   are   actual   or   assumed   ones. Conclusions It   is   definite   that   the   scheme   proposed   by   the   Government   is   facing   a   lot   of   opposition   mainly   from   obviously   the   Liberal   Democrats,   the   UK’s   well   organized   National   Student   Unions,   the   Labour   Party’s   vocal   political   left.   This   is   so   despite   the   fact   that   some   parts   of   the   Government’s   proposal   seem   fair   and   plausible. It   would   have   been   in   the   interest   of   all   parties   concerned   to   remove   the   issue   from   the   political   agenda   and   refer   it   to   professionals   to   study   and   recommend   feasible   solutions. References Johnstone, D. Bruce (2004) – Fear and Loathing of Tuition Fees: An American Perspective on Higher Education Finance in the UK – downloaded on 12 December from: http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/Publications/Fear%20and%20Loathing%20of%20Tuition%20Fees%20PDF.pdf Liberal Democrats (scraptuitionfees.com) – Why do the Liberal Democrats oppose tuition fees and to-up fees? – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://www.scraptuitionfees.com/pages/Why.phtml Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia – Top-up fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-up_fees Curtis, Polly – Clarke comes out fighting over fees -Guardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://politics.guardian.co.uk/queensspeech2003/story/0,13994,1093724,00.html Newspaper Article Students Want Top-Up Fees Looked at as Applications Fall The Birmingham Post February 16, 2006. Newspaper Article – Charles Clarke’s statement to the Commons – Guardian Unlimited (January 22 2003) – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://education.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/tuitionfees/story/0,,880051,00.html Nigel Brown (2003) – What’s it worth? The case for variable graduate contributions: A report for Universities UK – Universities UK BBC News Viewpoints: Tuition fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3583401.stm Webb, Steve –Liberal Democrat MP (11 August 2003) – Current Features: Top-up Fees Cause Universal Concern – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://www.libdems.org.uk/parliament/feature.html?id=5133navPage=features.html Guardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) – Paying the price in education – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/tuitionfees/story/0,12757,1093673,00.html Sing Gill, Parmjit MP (25 January 2005) – Adjournment Debate: University top-up and tuition fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 fro: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/parliament/showBriefing.asp?id=20

Evidence Based Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

Evidence Based Public Health Health And Social Care Essay Public programmes have absorbed huge amount of money for health improvement, social welfare, education, and justice. However, the result of the programmes are still unkown whether improve peoples lives or not and experts knowledge is not used in policy decisions (Oxman, et al. 2010). Gaps between research of effectiveness and policy implementation are also clearly seen (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). These gaps occur because policy makers have different priorities. Black (cited in Wallace 2006) argued that ideological blinders, economic pressures (both in governmental budgets and their own campaign coffers), electoral realities, bureaucratic inertia, and a host of other factors that can make good data irrelevant, influence policy maker in decisions making. Wallace (2006) also stated that political concerns lead to immune to facts in policy makers. Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis (2009) stated that the process of making public policies can be complex and messy and the policies are not only technically sound, but also politically and administratively feasible. The first step of health-policy making-process is problem identification and agenda setting. In this stage, public problems will be political agenda if the problems are converted into political issue (Palmer Short 2000). Evidence-based public health enable to influence policy makers in public health decisions because evidence-based practice use a particular type of evidence and focus on clear reasoning in the process of appraising and evidence interpretation (Rychetnik et al 2004). Evidence-based practice rises evidence from research which encompass a wide variety of public health research. Rychetnik et al (2004) also mentioned several type of studies which used in evidence-based public health such as decriptive, taxonomic, analytic, interpretive, explanatory and evaluative. Prinja (2010) asserted that evidence and information contribute to policy making process through research and consultative process or published documents or reports. Moreover, Rychetnik et al., expanding on earl ier Brownsons argument (cited in Fielding Briss 2006) argued that evidence-based public health decisions can be supported by three types of scientific evidence. Type 1 evidence is that something should be done is determined by causes and magnitude of disease, severity and preventibility. Type 2 evidence shows that which intervention or policies should be done may effective in specific intervention to promote health. Type 3 evidence describe how something should be done that how and under what circumstances interventions were implemented and how they were received. Those type of evidence are useful in public health decision because they may improve the quality and availability of the evidence (Rychetnik et al 2004). Evidence for evidence-based policy can be determined into two categories, quantitative evidence and qualitative evidence. Both of them are important for policy relevant evidence (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). Quantitative evidence for policy making, which provides data in numerical quantities, is collected from many sources, such as scientific information in peer-reviewed journals, public health surveillance systems, or evaluations of individual programs or policies (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). Quantitative evidence, for example prevalence, incidence and cumulative incidence, may express the magnitude and severity of public health problems through frequency or proportion and rates measurments (Rychetnik et al 2004) but this type of evidence presents little understanding of why some relationships exists (Brownson, Fielding, Maylahn 2009). On the other hand, qualitative evidence or non numerical data may be taken from methods such as participants, group interviews, or f ocus group. Qualitative evidence may influence policy deliberations, setting priorities and proposing policy solutions by telling persuasive stories (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). However, according to Rychetnik et al (2004) one of qualitative evidence that is expert opinion is positioned at the lowest level in levels of evidence hierarchies and identified as the least reliable form of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions. Nevertheless, the combination between two type of evidence leads to a stronger persuasive impact in policy making process than using only one type of evidence (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). Evidence-based practitioner shoul build strong evidence to convince public health policy makers. Brownson, Fielding, Maylahn (2009) proposed three concept to achieve a more evidence-based approach to public health policy. First, scientific information on the programs and policies is required to make more effective in health promotion. Second, combination between information on evidence-based interventions from the peer-reviewed literature and the realities of a specific real-world environment is required to translate science to practice. Third, the prove of effectiveness of interventions must be informed in wide-scale consistently at state and local levels. Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis (2009) also recommended that evidence should show public health burden, identify priority of an issue over many others, present relevance at the local level, show benefits and harm from intervention, explain the issue by how many peoples lives are affected, and estimate the cost of intervention. In the article example (LeePark 2010) which is about HBV immunisation policy in the US, it is clear that the policy was based on convincing evidence, in this case was epidemiological data. According to these data which taken from different sources, such as American Cancer Society (ACS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that chronic HBV infection is responsible for the majority HBV-related morbidity and mortality. Some quantitative evidence was provided such as 1.4-2 million (0.4%) people had chronic HBV invection. The policy also relied on other successful policy intervention which might produce similar result if the HBV immunisation was implemented in population. The CDC reported that the incidence of acute HBV infection decreased 80% which was largely due to universal vacination programs for children. Characteristic of the HBV infected population was also identified such as 2.7-11% among injecting drug users, 1.1%-2.3% in homosexual, 1.5% among pregnant wo men. The data convincingly showed that there was corelation between HBV and HIV infection. The natural history of the disease also clearly identified led to assumption that HBV vaccination was important for community. The next stage of the health policy making process is policy formation. In this stage, policies are formulated or changed to a new policies. The formation stage, which is also referred to policy design or development, specific attention will be provided when policies are examined relating to the issues (Palmer Short 2000). According to Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis (2009) that formulation of health policies in public health practice is complex and depends on variety of scientific, economic, social, and political forces. However, huge number of people want policy and practice to be relied on the best scientific evidence. Maximising policy effectiveness and efficiency depend on evidence base (Wallace 2006). On the other hand, policy makers require a reasonable and justifiable policy solution. Hence, health public practice should develop a convincing message based on research evidence to explain policy makers how the intervention may solve the public health problems (Goldstein 2009). To develop policy formulation, research evidence should be reviewed and evaluated before being proposed to policy makers. The aim of the research evaluation is to determine the degree of credibility (validity and reliability) of information and usefulness (relevance and generality) in a different context (Rychetnik et al 2004). Systematic Reviews and Critical Appraisal are required in evidence review processes as a guide to understand the research methods (Rychetnik et al 2004). Systematic review implementation leads to practitioners and policymaker to understand all of relevant information, how the evidence was collected and assembled, and how the conclusions and recommendations relate to the information (Fielding Briss 2006). Then, the result of evidence review will be integrated with social consideration which obtained from practitioners, policy makers and consumer to produce evidence based recommendations (Rychetnik et al 2004). Through systematic appraisal of research, public h ealth practice enable to demonstrate the effectiveness of interventions based on available evidence (McMichael, Waters, Volmink 2005). In other words, the evidence-based recommendations are based on the nature and strenghth of the evidence. Furthermore, the recommendations should be evaluated with respect to the balance of advantages and disadvantages (Rychetnik et al 2004) or the benefits of interventions must be weighed against the costs (Cookson 2005). However, systematic review tend to have narrow and regressive interpretation of the nature of evidence which leads to exclude a wide range of research-based information and professional experience that may be important to policy development (Nutbeam 2001). Therefore, combination between systematic review and narrative review may bring convincing evidence rather than systematic review alone. Iit is obvious in the article example that the recommendation of HBV immunisation in the US was based on previous research evidence. For example, in June 1982, the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) released the first inactivated HBV vaccines for individuals at a high risk for HBV infection (Lee Park 2010). The reason why the first HBV vaccine recommendation only for high risk community because epidemiological data showed that the distribution of hepatitis B cases was not uniform across populations. Large and urban immigrant-dense areas had higher prevalence of chronic HBV infection. The CDC concluded that high morbidity and mortality from chronic HBV infection in the US would be unavoidable if those high risk populations were not interfered by immunisation programs. In 1989, the recommendation of HBV vaccine were expanded to health care workers after obtaining surveillance data of the HBV infection prevalence and input from health professionals through public a nd private requests (Lee Park 2010). The third stage of the health-policy-making process is adoption. In this stage the policy formulation is enacted and brought into force, such as state legislation (Palmer Short 2000). Public health practice requires advocacy and lobbying to influence policies, change practice and achieve public health action. Nevertheless, the process of achieving influence is often difficult rather than appraising evidence and formulating recommendations because the process requires more complex social and political negotiations and often detrmined by social, political and commercial factors (Rychetnik et al 2004). Brownson, Fielding Maylahn also argued that translation from research to community applications may require many years. Moreover, evidence-based policy and practice inform the policy maker through evidence consideration whereas policy making will depend on prevailing values and priorities. Therefore, it is challenging for public health practice to close the gap between research and pract ice (Rychetnik et al 2004). According to Nutbeam (2001), policy development is a political process rather than scientific-based process. Hence, evidence-based public health requires a strong public health voice and advocacy supports within political system in which may be obtained from public and mass media. Another support may come from public servants who have skill in critical appraisal of evidence to use research evidence in the policy development. The article example of HBV immunisation programs in the US shows that several groups influenced the US government decisions in HBV immunisation programs. From inside of the government, such as National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), American Cancer Society (ACS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices (ACIP), supported the HBV immunisation proposals by providing convincing data to the government. WHO, as an outside of government institution, might influence the US government to consider the spread of the disease by presenting international data of HBV prevalence. Health professional also forced the government to expand the HBV immunisation program not only for infant and high risk groups but also children and all adolescents. The next step of the health-policy-making process is implementation of the policy. In this stage, policy document is changed into reality (Palmer Short 2000). Evidence-based public health is challenged to translate research evidence to practice among organisations, practitioner groups, or general public. Evidence-based practitioners enable to identify the most important component of an intervention to bring effective actions to the community (Brownson, Fielding, Maylahn 2009). Interventions in public health should focus on the benefit of communities or populations rather than individuals, although many intervention bring secondary advantages to individuals (Frommer Rychetnik 2003). Rychetnik et al (2004) stated that public health interventions include policies of governments and non-government organisations; laws and regulations; organisational development; community development; education of individuals and communities; engineering and technical developments; service development a nd delivery; and communication, including social marketing. In the example article, the recommendation of HBV immunisation in the US was implemented by ACIP whereas the federal provided vaccine for health care workers and children. The final step of the health-policy-making process is evaluation which include monitoring, analysis, criticism and assessment of existing or proposed policies. The result of the evaluation is used as data sources in agenda setting and policy formation. The goal of the evaluation is to bring policy implementation in effective and efficient ways (Palmer Short 2000). Evidence-based policy requires documenting the effect of implemented policies to undertand the impact of interventions on community and individual which may change peoples behaviour (Brownson, Chriqui, Stamatakis 2009). McMichael, Waters, Volmink (2005) believed that evidence around intervention effectiveness plays important role to address health priorities for the next policies particularly in developing countries or resource-poor areas. Evidence-based practice use evidence as valuable sources in evaluation to maximise the benefits and limits the harms of public health policy and practice. The evidence enable to inform e valuation planning to improve the quality and relevancew of new research (Rychetnik 2004). Evaluation may also be useful to explain failures in policy implementation, unintended side effects, and monitoring the policy application towards achieving the policy goal (Wallace 2006). Evidence-based practice also evaluate public health policy in economic perspective because it can provide information about the association between economic investment on public health programs and policies and health impacts, such the prevelance of prevented disease or years of life saved. This method, named cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), can explain the relative value of alternative interventions on public health programs and policies (Brownson, Fielding, Maylahn 2009). Another important evaluation of evidence-based policy is health impact assessment (HIA) that enables to estimate the possibility impacts of policies or interventions in out side of health perspective, such as agriculture, transportation, and economic development, on population health. HIA also analyse the envolvement of stakeholders in the policy interventions. Evidence-based practitioner use this method because there is much evidence that population health and health disparities are influenced by many determinants such as social and physical environments (Brownson, Fielding, Maylahn 2009). Therefore, it is essential to evaluate health policy implementation in different ways. In the article of HBV immunisation in the US, CDC always conducted evaluation and found that the incidence of HBV infection had declined after releasing recommendation of HBV vaccination. The CDC also identified that education of health care providers was clearly important to make the program successful (Lee Park 2010). The result of CDCs evaluation, which formulated into epidemiological data, can help to build new strategies to eliminate HBV infection, such as expansion of HBV immunisation recommendation for other groups and routine screening for HBV positive persons. In conclusion, evidence-based public health is important in public health policy making because evidence-based approach enables to provide policy suggestion based on convincing evidence generated from rigorous research. Since many determinants influence public health, analysis of quality and quantity evidence is essential to convince policy makers in identification of policy priorities and the best public health interventions. This essay also suggest that faster and better scientific information may influence public assumption in public health which leads to support evidence-based policy making in public health interventions.

Imaginative :: essays papers

Imaginative It is strange how things can change in short a period of time. It was only two years ago that Philip Morris was a dwindling tobacco company millions of dollars in debt. The stock market was facing a rapid decline in value. Stocks plummeted sharply in all areas. Like every other business in the country, Phillip Morris was at its lowest phase. Massive layoffs as well as severe cutbacks haunted the executives. After the stock value of Phillip Morris shares plummeted, the company’s chief stockholders were selling their stakes at pennies on the dollar. I took this desperate time to finally realize a dream I have had for years. I had amassed a large wealth from previous investments and projects. Reverting a public company with millions of shareholders into a private enterprise would be the most difficult task I would ever accomplish. I was able to deal with the major stockholders to purchase a vast majority of the company, about 75%. After several company shareholder meetings, I determined to revert the company to a private business, and I worked out a buyout for all remaining stockholders. Of course this also was made cheap due to the failing economy. Phillip Morris made cigarettes, Miller beer, Kraft products, and leveraged and directed finance leases. I planned on playing with the public’s emotions on â€Å"Big Tobacco Companies† in helping me with my plan. As soon as the previously great Phillip Morris was sold to me, we ceased production of the once lucrative cigarette portion of our portfolio. This became a great media exposure. We sold the concept of becoming a healthy family business concerned with the welfare of the public. This company now owes a great deal to the slithering lobbyists who helped make what Phillip Morris once was. If it weren’t for the lobbyists, I would still be obligated to comply with the court judgments for the idiots who became ill due to smoking related diseases. Those people did not even deserve the money they were rewarded. How could someone not know that cigarettes caused cancer, emphysema, or impotence, among other illnesses? I was glad the lobbyist were able to stop anyone searching for damages due to smoking, and all it cost me was dissolving the cigarette section of the company. I now know that if I pay a lobbyist enough, they can get a Senator to do anything I want.

Accounting Principles and Health Care Essay

There are no formal accounting principles that apply to health care. However, there are five generally accepted guiding principles used in the management of the financial aspects of health care management (Cleverly, Song & Cleverly, 2011). Understanding the five guiding principles are important in understanding financial information and managerial accounting and how the principles relate to health care (Cleverly et. al. ). The five principles include, accounting entity, money measurement, duality, cost valuation, and stable monetary unit. Each principle and how it relates to health care is discussed in the following (Cleverly et. al. ). Accounting Entity An accounting entity is the business or corporation that performs clear economic activities, separate from any personal economic endeavors (Accounting Tools, 2010). An accounting entity requires financial records that define financial activities (Cleverly et. al. ). In health care, accounting entities can be hospitals, clinics, or other entities that are part of a larger corporation. See more: Social process essay Accounting is geared to measure and report the financial activities of the entities under consideration. Money Measurement Money Measurement is very simply, a way to keep count and records of the incoming and outgoing revenue of the accounting entity. This is not an easy task and involves consideration of various issues (Cleverly et. al. ). Resources and liabilities have to be considered and calculated to determine accurate money measurement. Resources are also referred to as assets. Scarce resources are things, supplies, money, and other things or resources that are needed by the company in order to generate money. These resources are limited and necessary to the entities operation (Cleverly et. al. ). This may include nursing staff for heath care organizations. Other scarce resources for health care organizations may include buildings, many different kinds of medical supplies, medications, and other supplies to care for patients and maintain the organization. Assets are the resources that the organization has and the money generated. Liabilities are resources that are owed for services, supplies and other things that the organization has acquired. The ideal goal of any business is for the assets to be greater than the liabilities (Cleverly et. al. ). Duality Duality is a simple mathematical equation or rather, it seems simple. The equation states, â€Å"The value of assets must always equal the combined value of liabilities and residual interest, which we have called net assets. † (Cleverly et. al. pg. 185 para. 1) This requires balancing reports about changes in either side of the equation. In health care, for instance, changes such as buying supplies, receiving payment for services, or paying the electric bill are all transactions that require balancing the books, so to speak, so that the equation is still equal. Cost Valuation Cost Valuation can be defined as choosing the right price for services, supplies and other things of value (Hutton, 2005). Choosing the right price may be based on the history of what the entity has paid that is reflected by money measurement or may be based on other measures of what a cost should be (Cleverly et. al. . Market value is a way to assess a cost value. This seems to be favorite way with many organizations. This method is not considered objective, however and can provide different opinions on what an item is worth, making costing difficult (Cleverly et. al. ). Replacement value is another way of choosing the right price. This gives the cost of how much money it would take to replace an item or service (Cleverly et. al. ). In health care for instance, when costing an expensive piece of medical equipment, replacement value makes more sense than market value. The organization may receive different quotes on market value but replacement value should be more consistent and reliable. Stable Monetary Unit The stable money unit is our country is the dollar. The dollar is used in money measurement and other principles that have money values attached. The dollar is always the dollar but the value can change based on the economy and inflation (Cleverly et. al. ). An example of how this might impact health care is, suppose the organization, based on replacement value, has allotted a certain amount of money to purchase an expensive medical devise. Before the purchase has been made, the dollar decreases in value or is unavailable and has to be imported. The value of the dollar has changed; the country from which the item is imported from may have experienced a decrease in the value of the United States Dollar. The dollar is still a stable monetary unit though there may be fluctuations due to inflation or other events. Conclusion There are no specific hard rules that govern accounting; the five guiding principles of accounting are used to help organizations keep track of the entity’s assets and liabilities.  The principles are not perfect but serve as a guide to costing and money measurement. The stable money unit in our country is the dollar. The dollar may experience fluctuations in value but is still considered stable and how the United States measure and pay for any expenses. The five principles seem simple and as one looks into each principle further, it is noted that there are complexities and problems that must remain in the forefront of the accountant’s mind when keeping up with the financial end of any organization.

The End of the Affair

ABC DFG English 1B March 12 2013 A Man’s Love Graham Green wrote the beautiful love story The End of the Affair. The content is about the four characters the novelist, Maurice Bendrix; the couple Henry and Sarah Miles; and the priest Richard Smythe. Maurice meets Sarah and they fall in love deeply. The more Maurice loves Sarah, the more he realizes that there is an indestructible obstacle, which prevents him possessing all Sarah’s love. Maurice’s love affair ends, he lives in hatred and torment because Sarah staying away from him. Maurice has no more doubt when he finds out Sarah’s thought after reading her journal.The time he comes to her again, it is too late; Sarah can no longer enjoy true love with Maurice; she dies. After Sarah’s death, Maurice lives in regret and sorrow. Maurice considers himself a master of love in The End of the Affair because he shows desire to possess all of Sarah’s love and throughout the story he acts like a love starving person that seeks for it. Maurice’s personality has a big impact on his very own decision that drives his life in chaos. He wants to have the superiority in relationship, especially with women. Maurice stays â€Å" I had no idea whatever or falling in love with her.For one thing, she was beautiful, and beautiful women, especially if they are intelligent also, stir some seep feeling of inferiority in my [†¦] but I have always found it hard to feel sexual desire without some sense of superiority, mental or physical. † (17) . Maurice really shows us he is the man of desire, the desire to possess. When we take a look at a group of gorillas, there is one leader. The white-back-mature gorilla is always the leader of the group which he has the right to mate to all the others females. Maurice feels superior because he knows that if he could own Sarah, that where he feel the power of the top male.Maurice feels jealous with Henry who officially gets married to Sara h. When a man has something, he wants to completely possess it. And in this case, Sarah, a woman who delivers love, Maurice is thirsty for it. He is supposed to suck all the love from Sarah like a vampire sucks all the blood from its victim. The more he loves Sarah, the more love he requires her to deliver. Henry is the main wall that stops Sarah from delivering him more love that what causes him to think â€Å" his desire was simply for companionship†. Maurice is a jealous man. jealousy, or so I have always believed, exist only with desire† (31). He totally he his right to be jealous, which is natural. First Sarah was married to Henry. He is upset because he does not own Sarah. Second, when the Sarah and Maurice make love occasionally but Sarah comes back to Henry afterward. This situation is irony. Finally, Maurice could hate Henry because â€Å"while he still owned her presence at the table, the sound of her feet on the stairs [†¦] the kiss on the cheek. † (32) , he has nothing. Maurice could be a good novelist but he is just a human, and humans have flaws.Even though love is one of the most important things in Maurice’s life but he cannot take what love has given him. Maurice starts everything in pride. He says â€Å" I measured love by the extend of my jealousy, and by that standard of course she could not love me at all† (43). He thinks his jealousy is the tool, which he can use to measure someone’s dignity. He was wrong, and he regrets afterward. Maurice admitted â€Å" I’ve been a bad lover, Sarah† (105). However, at some point it is not wrong to use jealousy to measure ourselves. As we have known Maurice is struggle at love.First, he loves Sarah but he cannot have her. Second, he sees that Sarah is stuck with Henry, by their marriage. That could be one of the wall that inhibit him to love Sarah without doubt and jealousy. Like what mentioned in Sarah’s journal â€Å" he is jealous of the past and the present and the future†. The situation looks like Maurice had a bad headache that no medicine could fix. Of course he is one of the two partners in his love affair, he should have the instinct. Maurice feels that it would be going to be somewhat, he said â€Å" I became aware that our love was doomed† (25).Moreover, the aspiration to possess seems obsessed him, Maurice said moodily â€Å" I would fan myself into anger and remorse† and he can’t help changing the situation, he feels helpless â€Å" I was pushing, pushing the only thing that I loved out of my life†. Unsuccessful possession transforms into hatred and anger. Maurice says â€Å" but if love had to die, I wanted it to die quickly. It was as though our love were a small creature caught in a trap and bleeding to death: I had to shut my eye and wring its neck† (25) bitterly.We can assume that whatever Maurice has taken look like the heat, which uses to boil water. All the heat in the vase just wants to blast out. Love turns in to hate. Maurice said â€Å" more than anything in the world I wanted to hurt Sarah† (45). And he even acts like an upset kid behaving with his friend; he just wants to stop the game. Maurice mockingly told Sarah â€Å" we had good time together, we’re adults, we know it had to end some time. Now, you see, we can meet like friends and talk about Henry† (23). That should have hurt Sarah a lot.He simply revenges the person has given him the pain and the headache. When taking about Maurice, we cannot omit his obsession of love. Sarah’s love seems never enough for him. The depression grows awfully, he thought â€Å" and I began quite seriously to think of suicide†. In short, Maurice puts his entire mind toward Sarah. He loves her for two reasons, for her beauty and for the superiority in their relationship. However, assuming that his inner world seems struggle. His deeds keep moving around in a circle of loving and receiving love painfully.Maurice seems a hateful person because his head is full of pain and hatred but deep inside that nasty man there is a very usual man, a lovable man. Being left behind by Sarah, Maurice keeps thinking about what she could have done with another man. He becomes a true lover, or he admits himself so. Since the desire to possess Sarah, who carries a loved soul and beautiful body, so significant Maurice imaged Sarah with other man â€Å" Sarah making love, Sarah with X, doing the same things that we had done together† (59). Maurice is a doubtful man, he trusts no one and that sorrows him.The best moment is his life is when he realizes he was enlightened by Sarah’s unconditional love. He thought when he read Sarah’s journal â€Å" there’s enough left for our two lives, and I thought of that day when she had packed her suitcase and I sat here working, not knowing that happiness was to close, I was glad that I hadnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t known and I was glad that I know. I could act now† (101). That moment is a big change in his mind, it goes from totally doubt to doing whatever to love her unconditionally. It is also the moment that he perceives his biggest mistake ever, doubting ignoring Sarah’s love.He can be forgiven. When people realize their mistakes, they would either fix them or confess them. Bendrix said â€Å" the slowly growing pain in my upper arm where her weight lay was he greatest pleasure I had ever known† (105). He feels relieved because there is no more jealousy, no more doubt or hatred. At this point he forgives himself. He opens his spirit in order to touch what Sarah would offer him. Maurice shows us what his world of love looks like; it is filled with courage to move forward for the loved one and with passion to never stop loving. His personalities exist in a very special way.If there were an inner world Maurice would be without hesitation showing off his feeling su ch as interests or boredom to someone and if there were an outer world he would show off desire to love, to hate. Since there is a part in Maurice exists which always asks for more love, he is sort of lost. He is lost because he doesn’t now much love he needs. I have learned what is true love from Maurice. I can see love sometimes needs a boundary, which divides many parts. Where will be my limit to ask for love or where will be the limit the loved ones could offer me. Work Cited Greene, Graham. The End of the Affair. U. S: Penguin books, 2004. Print.

Frankenstein Coursework Help

Frankenstein Coursework Help Frankenstein Coursework Help Frankenstein is a well-known novel which requires careful reading and critical analysis. Writing a Frankenstein coursework you need to pay attention to avoid creating a summary of the novel instead of critical analysis. If you struggle with Frankenstein coursework writing or do not have enough time to devote to coursework writing, you should not hesitate to order professional Frankenstein coursework help on our site. Custom written Frankenstein coursework is original, interesting to read, meets academic requirements, and is never posted online as a free sample! Please read the following excerpt of Frankenstein coursework written by one of our professional coursework writers! Frankenstein Coursework Excerpt In the story Frankenstein, the main genre is gothic horror. Horror is usually recognized on fear, terror, fright and suffering. Its mainstay is to frighten readers and make them realize terror is occurring so, therefore, contains frightening scenes. One of the distinctive features of many horror stories is the setting and nature and in Frankenstein the depressing glacial fields of the Alps and the dreary mist of the Arctic shows remoteness of the two central characters; Victor and his creation. Another part of horror in Frankenstein is the element of the dark side of human nature, when a monstrous creation is unleashed which leads to the idea of horror because monsters are usually associated with committing acts of killing on innocent people. The structure of Frankenstein can be slightly complicated because it has several narrators and they both share their own views on the events which have occurred. The novel begins in typical novel fashion by starting the story in the middle of things and then launch into a series of flashbacks which make it difficult to foretell coming events. Captain Robert Walton writes to his sister Margaret Saville about his adventures, which the reader looks in upon in a distinctive epistolary novel style. Then Victor recounts his story to Walton, who takes notes and sends them to his sister. Then the monster tells Victor about his or its quest, which Victor recounts to Walton. Starting with Walton when he writes to his sister, his letters are like a diary and become somewhat quite personal. When he begins writing his letters, his point of view begins neutral. But after he meets Frankenstein he becomes prejudiced and begins to understand Frankenstein's feelings and sympathises towards him. But when he meets the monster, Walton's views change again because he sympathises with the monster. The novel is then told from Frankenstein's point of view until the closing pages when we hear from the monster. This will affect the reader as they would automatically feel the most sympathy for whoever tells the story, as the speaker would naturally tell things from their perspective, and they would open up about their feelings. Also, our expert writers have prepared the post onhow to make a reaction paper:. Related posts: Jane Eyre Essay Example of Argumentative Essay Cause Effect Papers Term Paper Editing Critical Essay Editing

Chinese Cinema and the American Counterpart essays

Chinese Cinema and the American Counterpart essays One large difference between Chinese and American cinema is the governments' involvement with the production and releasing of a film. Generally speaking, the Chinese directors that choose to touch on sensitive subjects execute their scripts so sincerely that the government feels the need to interfere and come between the filmmaker and the audience. The films become more serious because of this censorship since they are dealing with real life issues. Conversely, in America, filmmakers tend to either poke fun at the lives of Americans or portray their leaders as noble and courageous as a form of silly propaganda. When Deng Xiaoping took over after the death of Mao Zedong, he set in motion the reopening of the Beijing Film Academy. The three top students, Chen Kaige, Zhang Yimou and Tian Zhuangzhuang, would go on to create the next wave of controversial Chinese films. Yellow Earth, directed by Chen Kaige and shot by Zhang Yimou, was one of the first movies created by this young group of filmmakers, known as the Fifth Generation. It was banned due to its portrayal of 1930's China. The movie touches on old traditions versus the new customs. Brother Gu is a soldier, sent to collect old folk songs to bring back to the troops. Giving the old bitter songs new words to sing is a metaphor for the changing of the role of women in China. Brother Gu explains to Cuiqiao how the women are allowed in combat, allowed to cut their hair, allowed to chose their husbands and generally lead less strict lives than the northern women. Brother Gu is a form of hope for Cuiqiao, as well as Hanhan. Their fa ther, elderly and old-fashioned, appreciates him in their home for his efforts, but not in the same manner as the children do. The children will live and not much will change; they will follow their ancestors' footsteps, continuing the work they have carried out their entire lives. The father says that when a boy marries, it is happiness, b...

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay Example for Free

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay ? After world war one East Asia and North America responded similarly to economic growth and social structure, while taking opposite decisions concerning politics and international relations. Both countries grew economically due to industrialism and their standard living improved by opting for western lifestyle. But japan was involved in war and with no thoughts of stopping while the United States was remaining out of it. To start with, United States and japan had similar ideas regarding their social structure. As the united stated was evolving in improving standard living, japan was moving towards western cultural values. In the United States woman’s rights and labor was beginning to be a normal idea and even birth control comes into the picture. While in japan gender equality, freedom of expression and dignity of the individual where being embraced. All of this because allot of men had to fight in war and people where needed to do work, women took a step and did it becoming not only efficient for working but also economically independent. In other words countries standard living was rising with more people being comfortable with their way of living and not rebelling because of having more rights. Moreover United States and japan had their difference regarding their international political position. While japan gets involved in war, the United States opts for isolationism. Although world war was over and japan had seen the deaths and devastation they decided to invade Manchuria a city in china and one year later invades Shanghai because of a minor conflict but also because Japanese where waiting for an excuse to conquer china for resources, after the battle of Shanghai 22 major battles followed. Meanwhile the United States stayed in their side provoking little problems. Not forgetting to mention that Japan and war one. Like that the United States and japan where in opposite sides of the war after The Great War, japan inside and the united states outside. In addition United States and japan both grew economically after world war one because their industrialism. Both of them got involved in the war very late that gave them more advantage because they had more weapons. Also their industry grew allot making more weapons to export and also they had more manufacturing. As well the United States was giving out loans to countries that where in a bad shape after war. These made both countries economically grow and become economically superior from other countries. In conclusion the United States and japan where similar regarding social structure and economics, they had their differences in their decisions to enter war again. Even more important is what would happened next and that despite their similarities they would end up as rivals and fighting against each other. Was that really the right choice? After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History. (2018, Nov 09).

Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes Essay

Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes - Essay Example Secondly, the plain meaning rule states â€Å"the language of the statute is clear, there is no need to look outside the statute to its legislative history in order to ascertain the statute’s meaning†. I agree with Felix Frankfurter that the language of the statute should be the starting point for identifying the meaning of the statute. Reading the text closely is the starting point for properly understanding and interpreting a statute. However, sometimes the initial understanding may be incorrect thus rereading the statute is a sure way of understanding its meaning. Thirdly, the legislative process has numerous components as well as actors participating in each of these components. Thus, it is almost impossible to identify the intent as well as the true sense of the words used in constructing a statute. Bills have multiple sponsors with regards to legislators. The bill is then introduced to a committee that has multiple employees who assist in producing a report on the bill. Finally, the bill is passed by the legislature and it is clear that it is almost impossible to discern the meaning of the bill at this point. Even though the passage of a bill requires consensus using a voting system, legislators vote for different reasons. Therefore, it is possible that legislators share different meanings of the bill but have the same interests. Thus, I would suggest that judicial construction should involve the incorporation of a classification statute or a general provision and withhold judges from performing construction.

Product Reassessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Product Reassessment - Essay Example The BlackBerry previously was restricted to corporate only. However, it has recently been opened to any user of the mobile phone. The current population in the United States is composed on majority youths who increasingly need to communicate through the social media with peers as well as with corporations in which they have interest to work for. It can be well repositioned in the market through doing market research in order to identify the market segmentation so that marketing strategies can be developed so as to market the product in the most significant segments of the market (United States Census Bureau, 2010). The population of the United States is composed of corporations, individuals and other organizations of different lifestyles and ages. Repositioning this product in the market would involve carrying a market analysis of the demographic factors of the United States population. It is important to identify certain significant research methods applicable in finding necessary m eans of repositioning BlackBerry in the market. One such research method would be comparative research methodology, which involves finding of the various aspects of the demographic factors of the United States, in which case, differences and similarities with regard to the cultural aspects as well as lifestyles of the different market segments will be considered. Proper analysis of the characteristics of United States demographics will be scrutinized in order to ensure that significant findings which can assists in drawing of relevant conclusions are found. Surveys can be conducted with regard to popularity of this product so that data and information can be obtained (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Comparisons should be made with regard to the various factors contributing to the decline in the usage of the product in the United States. Similarities which exist with regard to different demographic factors should be considered in which case differences should as well be analyzed concerning the differences among the demographic factors. This will be significant in identifying various concerning issues which impact on the fresh marketing of this product so that it strongly establishes in the United States market. As such, it is clear that comparative research method will be significant in carrying out this kind of research in order to enhance repositioning of the product in the market. In order to increase adoption rates, certain significant methods should be used so as to encourage people to revert to usage of the BlackBerry in the United States. Marketing strategies would be high significant in this regard. Advertising of the products should be done through various advertising media including the television, radios, the as well as print press. Essentially adverts should be repeated on certain intervals within the televisions and radios in order to keep the masses informed and aware of the product. Product features should be well displayed and demonstration on the usage of the product well done in order to make prospective buyers to develop interest in the product (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Sales agents should be positioned in different areas and regions which are the target market for the organization producing the BlackBerry. Essentially, promotional strategies would be applicable to ensuring creation of awareness as well as

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business Essay

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically - Essay Example Nevertheless, the idea of ethics in business has gained momentum and until now much effort is being invested in turning business ethical (eg. Maclagan, 2008; Zolsnia, 2006). In lieu with this, the paper intends to address the question, to what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically? In order to answer this question, the electronic databases Academic Research Premier and Business Search Premier were searched using a combination of the following key terms: business ethics, social responsibility, and organization. Articles written only in English and published from the period of 1990 till 2008 were selected. Articles that provided an analysis of ethics and social responsibility in connection with business were included in the selection. Correspondingly, excluded in the selection were editorials, case studies, commentaries, mimeographs, and pamphlets. The reference list of the articles was searched to identify additional relevant publications. Moreover, it should be noted that the question that will be answered in this paper already has certain assumptions embedded within in the question itself. These assumptions are: first, business people are already expected to act ethically and as such, the necessity of clarifying the ‘extent’ of their responsibility becomes a little urgent. Second, the question also assumes that acting ethically falls within the concept of responsibility attributed to business people. This particular assumption has been criticised on the premise that as scholars in business and organizations continue to assume that acting ethically is a responsibility of business people and business, they fail to provide a clear conceptual analysis of the concept of responsibility (Comite, 2008). Thus, a vague appreciation of the connection between responsibility and acting ethically in

Homework for Eco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework for Eco - Essay Example It is only through capital investment and not capital consumption that growth can be experienced in the economy (Callum). In the Chinese and Middle East context, Faber notes that the Chinese economy is a growing economy due to its investment and increased production rather than consumption. Additionally, China exports to the developing and emerging economies totally by passing the old world order. However, its overdependence on the raw materials such as oils from the Middle East could be an undoing in the future. Middle East is known for its instability and therefore the overdependence on their oil for production could greatly affect the economy (Callum). The approach reduces the moral hazard by ensuring that the creditors do not experience losses. This is due to the fact that losses on the creditors’ side have more detrimental effect on the institution than the loss of Equity by the institution. Creditors impact more on the company than the equity holders. The Creditors can easily cause more losses in case they themselves incur losses. It is ideal than a rescue that protects both creditors and equity holders (Mark). This approach eliminates the problem completely due to the fact the owner who has all the liberty to invest on behalf of the creditor and who has access to more information acts responsibly. This is due to the fact the owner incurs charges and possible losses in case of poor investment options. Senator Lincoln proposed that the commercial banks be forbidden to trade derivative securities in 2010. This is with the intent of preventing the banks from using the cheap deposits to subsidize risky derivative businesses. The proposal also prevents banks from using emergency banking facilities. This proposal encourages financial intermediaries to divest their derivatives by forbidding the government from giving these banks assistants such as tax breaks (Yves). Despite the fact the

Sensory responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory responses - Essay Example It is capable of detecting even the smallest visual and auditory changes. Seeing and hearing are senses which does not require physical contact, but tells us about distant objects with help of electromagnetic waves present in air. . If the sense of touch is considered, the brain could detect within no time, which part of the body was touched. Such is the response and reflex actions. The brain in turn, is composed of two hemispheres and shares the information sensed by the organs equally among the two parts For the complete sensation in visual and hearing, both halves are equally important. The visual and aural senses strongly depend upon the differences between its neighboring senses. Visual perception consists of perceiving the image of outside objects and then, processing them into an interpretation that can be understood by the brain. The human eye does this mechanism of converting light into electrical energy. Here, the sense of hearing is done by an excellent auditory system which perceives the sound produced rather than the source that produces it. The sound is received by the ear through the vibrations in air and transmits them to the brain. Just imagine a ball being thrown on a wall coming back to u again. That's what happens in our sensory system.

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business Essay

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically - Essay Example Nevertheless, the idea of ethics in business has gained momentum and until now much effort is being invested in turning business ethical (eg. Maclagan, 2008; Zolsnia, 2006). In lieu with this, the paper intends to address the question, to what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically? In order to answer this question, the electronic databases Academic Research Premier and Business Search Premier were searched using a combination of the following key terms: business ethics, social responsibility, and organization. Articles written only in English and published from the period of 1990 till 2008 were selected. Articles that provided an analysis of ethics and social responsibility in connection with business were included in the selection. Correspondingly, excluded in the selection were editorials, case studies, commentaries, mimeographs, and pamphlets. The reference list of the articles was searched to identify additional relevant publications. Moreover, it should be noted that the question that will be answered in this paper already has certain assumptions embedded within in the question itself. These assumptions are: first, business people are already expected to act ethically and as such, the necessity of clarifying the ‘extent’ of their responsibility becomes a little urgent. Second, the question also assumes that acting ethically falls within the concept of responsibility attributed to business people. This particular assumption has been criticised on the premise that as scholars in business and organizations continue to assume that acting ethically is a responsibility of business people and business, they fail to provide a clear conceptual analysis of the concept of responsibility (Comite, 2008). Thus, a vague appreciation of the connection between responsibility and acting ethically in

Sensory responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory responses - Essay Example It is capable of detecting even the smallest visual and auditory changes. Seeing and hearing are senses which does not require physical contact, but tells us about distant objects with help of electromagnetic waves present in air. . If the sense of touch is considered, the brain could detect within no time, which part of the body was touched. Such is the response and reflex actions. The brain in turn, is composed of two hemispheres and shares the information sensed by the organs equally among the two parts For the complete sensation in visual and hearing, both halves are equally important. The visual and aural senses strongly depend upon the differences between its neighboring senses. Visual perception consists of perceiving the image of outside objects and then, processing them into an interpretation that can be understood by the brain. The human eye does this mechanism of converting light into electrical energy. Here, the sense of hearing is done by an excellent auditory system which perceives the sound produced rather than the source that produces it. The sound is received by the ear through the vibrations in air and transmits them to the brain. Just imagine a ball being thrown on a wall coming back to u again. That's what happens in our sensory system.

The thematic role of tradition in “Jude the Obscure” Essay Example for Free

The thematic role of tradition in â€Å"Jude the Obscure† Essay Hardy as a purely Victorian writer (Carpenter, 1964) felt, however, a degree of cognitive dissonance and inner inconsistence with the existing realities, in particular, with the social pressure and the dissolution of individuality in the countless traditions and rituals. The novel â€Å"Jude the Obscure† demonstrates the Victorian mores from a peculiar viewpoint, in terms of the opposition between the spiritual nature of the personality, their aspirations, ambitions and longings, and the clutches of tradition that encumber the characters in their self-actualization. In the present novel, the role of tradition is demonstration through the lens of family, cross-gender relationships and social class. Traditionalism seems to blossom in the realm of cross-gender relationships, as they are strongly regulated by the society. In order to illustrate this assumption, it is necessary to analyze the situation Jude encounters after having dated with Arabella for certain time. Due to the fact that their relationships implied no mutual responsibility, Jude decides to leave the girl after his infatuation decays: â€Å" â€Å" I am going away†, he said to her. â€Å"I think I ought to go. I think it will be better for you and for me. I wish some things had never begun! I was much so blame, I know. But it is never too late to mend† â€Å" (Hardy, Part 1, Ch. 9, 1994, at http://www. gutenberg. org). The young woman, in her turn, from the very beginning of their affair, dreams about the marriage to him, because of the persistent social tradition, which prescribes the only model of livelihood for women, which is marriage. Moreover, single women are always criticized and treated as â€Å"peculiar†, the Victorian tradition even attributes mental disorders to such individuals only for their marital status; due to the fact that the stereotypes associated with spinsters are very unattractive, Arabella is eager to observe the social tradition and create her family as early as possible. Women by the tradition are supposed to be more interested in marriage therefore. In terms of cross-gender relationships, it is also important to outline the development of the affection between Jude and Sue, his cousin. Jude gets attracted to the girl after seeing her portrait, but, being aware of his marital status, he doesn’t allows himself to approach the girl: â€Å"The first reason was that he was married, and it would be wrong. The second was that they were cousins. It was not well for cousins to fall in love even when circumstances seemed to favour the passion. The third, even were he free, in a family like his own where marriage usually meant a tragic sadness, marriage with a blood-relations would duplicate the adverse conditions† (Hardy, Part 2, Ch. 2, 1994 at http://www. gutenberg. org). As one can see, the most important reasons are close-knit to the socially imposed perspectives of cross-gender relationships: in order to avoid blaming rumors and gossips, Jude at first deliberately creates a barrier even to the friendship with Sue. The dominance of traditions, regulating and controlling family, are to great extent similar to the previous group, as any relationship between a man and a woman (except the cases of close kinship) are considered a potential family. The family should be officially registered and approved by both secular and clerical institutions – only in this case the children, born in this partnership, are legitimate. In this sense, even though Jude is unwilling to marry Arabella, he gives his complete consent after learning that his girlfriend is pregnant. Moreover, the family-oriented tradition of the epoch harshly discriminates these children, so that they bear the burden of their parents’ â€Å"social disobedience†. Consequently, the young woman’s pregnancy appears false, but Arabella’s manipulations seem partially justified by the society, as they are directed to the creation of family, a structural unit, which is easier to control in the macro- and mezzosocial levels. Arabella’s friend, Anne, even demonstrates childlike glee after learning about the method the young wife has lassoed Jude: â€Å"Mistaken! Well, that’s clever – it’s real stroke of genius! It is a thing I never thought o’ wi’ all my experience! † (Hardy, Part 1, Ch. 9, 1994). Another vital point of the depiction of the societal regulation in terms of family can be found in the beginning of Sue and Jude’s cohabitation and the subsequent scandal. It begins with the response of Mr. Gillingham, Phillotson’s friend, with who the man shares information that sue, his wife, intends to live with another man. Gillingham seems to speak in the name of the whole society, in the present dialogue he embodies the pressure of social tradition: â€Å" But- you see, there’s the question of neighbours and society – what will happen if everybody – [†¦] I am quite amazed, to tell the truth, that such a sedate, plodding fellow as you should have entertained such a craze for a moment, You said when I called that she was puzzling and peculiar: I think you are! † (Hardy, Part 4, Ch. 4, 1994). The responsibility for the wife’s adultery is traditionally placed to great extent upon her spouse; both this quotation and the fact that Phillotson is threatened with termination of his employment because of Sue’s behavior points to the idea that woman is not merely inferior, she is also viewed by society as an infantile create, who should be â€Å"reared† and â€Å"brought up† by her spouse. After Sue and Jude begin to live together, they become severely ostracized by the society. First of all, Jude becomes a stonemason, as no other work is available to him, whereas Sue works as a street seller. Learning that the couple are not married, all lodging owners refuse the take sue and Jude, even though they travel with young children and thus need an accommodation as soon as possible. Therefore, the scorn for the couple living without official registration of their partnership is even stronger than the pity for the infants, as the children ,born in such an affair, can not be equated to legitimate children; and the social tradition which normally prescribes that society take care about minors, ignores their needs. The tragic ending of the novel can also be interpreted as the victory of social tradition. In fact, Sue and Jude’s children are murdered by Jude and Arabella’s son; â€Å"He looked in bewilderment round the room. At the back of the door were fixed two hooks for hanging garments, and from these the form of the two youngest children were suspended, by a piece of box-cord round each of their necks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hardy, Part 6, Ch. 2). Importantly, Little Father Time was born in the wedlock, i. e. he symbolically has more rights, freedoms and entitlements in the family, comparing to other children. His name also points to the fact that he represents the interests of the epoch as well as its social tradition. Thus, the deaths of the children are a symbolic punishment, imposed by the social tradition for committing adultery and not creating a full-fledged family. In terms of social class, tradition is represented, first and foremost, in the point of Jude’s efforts towards getting access to education. Due to the fact that his only caregiver, his aunt, is a baker, she would wish him to remain within the working class, and when young Jude asks her about Christminster and education, she responds that his future livelihood could not be combined with education, moreover, that their family has nothing in common with the intellectual circles form the city. The woman therefore refers to the Victorian tradition, which strictly determines interclass boundaries, stratifies individuals, and creates obstructions to their penetration to the higher class. To sum up, as depicted in the novel, social traditions regulate the most important areas of human life, including the relationships between genders, marriage and family as well as career and class behavior. As one can see from the novel, social traditions is extremely critical to any cross-gender relationships that do not imply official marriage, in which the man and woman, however, have disproportionate interest. Uniting into families is viewed as the most appropriate and traditionally approved way of social interaction, whereas individuals, living in an unregistered partnership, are marginalized. As for the social class, the tradition seeks to retain individual within their strata through regulating the access to education, training and employment. Due to the fact that the major plotline in â€Å"Jude the Obscure† is built upon the combination of these three representations, the role of social tradition is strong in the writing, moreover, with respect to the aforementioned obstructions and judgments the society develops in response to the characters’ actions, one can understand that Hardy addresses it in the negative, rather then positive or supportive tones. Works cited Carpenter, R. Thomas Hardy. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1964. Hardy, T. Jude the Obscure. 23 September 1994, http://www. gutenberg. org/files/153/153-8. txt

Hart and Fuller Legal Arguments Analysis

Hart and Fuller Legal Arguments Analysis There has been a debate between Hart and fuller that has brought up arguments and room for discussion. This essay will show three specific arguments put forward by both Hart and Fuller; the criticisms of Harts theory and the reasoning behind the rebutting of the statement Fuller confuses the efficacy of a legal system with its morality. The starting point would be to look at the ideals and the reasoning behind the theory that was suggested by Hart. Hart can be seen as a 20th century positivist who believes that there is a separation between what the law is and what the law ought to be[1]. This means that there is a distinction between the law and morality. Hart begins with the explanation of how rules that confer rights need not be moral rules or coincide with them[2]. He also went further to say that rights exist under the rules of formalities, games and in many other spheres regulated by rules which are irrelevant to the question of justice or what the law ought to be[3]. This argument shows how Hart has made the distinction between legal rights and moral rights which goes back to the separation of law and morality. In addition to this, Hart expresses what a legal system should consist of. He believes that people in the society generally obey the rules and when that society has no court or police reinforcement it will have some sort of informal rule to organize the social life[4]. If people want a secure life they have to follow these rules[5]. These rules according to Hart are primary rules; the primary rules set out what the obligations and duties are in a society[6]. Examples of such rules would be criminal prohibition and tort rules because these rule prohibit theft and forbids certain conduct[7]. Hart explains that a legal system cannot operate with primary rules alone, there has to be another set of rules that shows and tell the people of society how those rules of conduct work. These are known as secondary rules and they contain three rules which are (1) the rule of recognition, (2) the rule of change and (3) the rule of adjudication[8]. The rule of recognition is the rule that helps identify the uncertainty of which are rules when a society has a lot of primary rules[9]. The rule of change is the rule that specifies the procedure of changing the primary rules and the rule of adjudication is the rule that establishes the process of determining the application of a primary rule in particular cases[10]. Hart believes that the rule of recognition plays a vital role in a legal system. This is because it is a matter of social practise; it does not need to be written down[11]. It is the rule that society accepts as the authoritys way to determine what the primary rules are.[12] Hart believes that an effective legal system could have wicked laws. Another argument that Hart purports is that of Judicial interpretation. Judges look at the standard meaning of the word. Hart believes that the task of interpretation is commonly that of determining the meaning of the specific words of a legal rule, like vehicle in a rule excluding vehicles from a park[13]. Particularly the task of interpretation is to determine the range of reference of such a word[14]. Communication is possible only because words have a core of meaning that remains constant whatever the context in which the word may appear[15]. Except in unusual circumstances where it would be proper to regard a word like vehicle as accepting its standard meaning. This meaning of the word will have in any legal rule, whatever its purpose is. If a judge is applying the word to its standard meaning, then there is no creative role; the judge is simply applying the law as it is[16]. In addition to this Hart also talks about the words having a penumbral meaning which varies from context to context. Following the example given in the previous paragraph when the object in question (tricycle) falls within the penumbra the judge has to assume a more creative role[17]. The judge will have to make an interpretation of the rule in the context of its purpose and aim[18] which gives room for judicial discretion. When questions of this sort are decided there is at least an intersection of is and ought[19]. The judge makes decisions on what the rule is but he does this in the light of his notion of what it ought to be to carry out its purpose[20]. Looking at the arguments and theories that Hart suggests there are some inconsistencies that gives room for criticism and questioning. In making these criticisms, Fullers theory and argument will be used. The first argument by Hart that referred to the separation of what is and ought to be can be criticised. He believes that law confers rights but these rights need not be moral. Fuller explains that certain moral standards are built in to the concept of law itself. It is agreed that the law confer rights on individuals but since there are certain moral standards embedded in the law then it would be wrong to say that these rights conferred by law are not necessarily moral rights. This shows the that law and morality are not as separate as Hart claims. In relations to Harts second argument regarding what a legal system should consist of, in contrast to this fuller gives his own theory of how a legal system should be. Fuller discusses that the function of a set of rules must play is defined in the law[21]. Law as defined by Fuller is a particular way of achieving social order by guiding human behaviour according to rules[22]. He attempts to identify what he calls the internal morality of a system of legal rules[23]. In order for rules to be effective and qualify as law in any system these eight principles of legality must be adhered to. They are (i) the rule should be general; (ii) the rule should be made public, (iii) the rule must not be retroactive (iv) the rule should be clear, (v) the rule should be non-contradictory, (vi) the rule must be possible to follow, (vii) the rule should remain constant through time and (viii) there should be congruence between official action and declared rules. In other words, running the legal syst em fairly based on the eight principle seems to be a prerequisite of running it effectively and this suggests a point where law and morality merge[24]. It is important to note that Fuller does not claim that any system that follows these procedures is perfectly moral[25]. Rather, his view is that the procedures embodied in a legal system are morally important and determine whether a set of rules really count as a legal system[26]. The purpose of this legal system is to provide people with guides of action. He goes on to explain that for a legal system to be effective there has to be a cooperation between the officials and the citizens. In relations to the third argument of Judicial interpretation. Hart believes the judiciary should interpret the law in its literal meaning when dealing with core cases but in the penumbra cases there is room for judicial discretion and this is where the judge interprets the law based on what he thinks ought to be law to carry out its purpose. This in itself shows how contradictory the principle he gives is. He clearly states that law and morals should be separate but when it comes to penumbral cases there should be a merge of law and morality to satisfy the purpose of the law. In terms of interpretation Fuller believes the law must be interpreted in light of its purpose. Fuller also explains in interpreting the law the judge should try to make it fair in order to persuade the citizens to fairness and the rational of the law. Fuller criticises the theory of the Nazi informer made by Hart in his thesis. He believes that a system such as that in Nazi Germany could violate the morality of order to such an extent that it no longer had laws[27]. Fuller agreed with the theory set out by Radbruch who explained that the doctrine of fundamental principles of humanitarian morality were part of the very concept of legality and that no positive statute however clearly expressed it was could be valid if it contravened the basic principle of morality[28]. In conclusion the theories that Fuller puts forward against separation of law and morals are much more substantial and it shows that rather than fuller confusing the efficiency of a legal system with its morality. He shows that for a legal system to be effective it has to have an underlying morality. BIBLIOGRAPHY Daniel Chong, Hart on penumbra and core meaning, file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/HART_on_pernumbra_and_core_meaning.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 Faculty.ycp.edu, Fullers Internal Morality of Law, http://faculty.ycp.edu/~dweiss/phl347_philosophy_of_law/Fuller%20and%20the%20internal%20morality%20of%20law.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 Hubpages.com, Summary of Legal Positivism Concept and Harts Separation of Law and Morality: Fairly Legal (1) (15 Septemper,2013) http://hubpages.com/education/Harts-Positivism-and-the-Separation-of-Law-and-Morality-Fairly-Legal-1 accessed 23 November 2016. Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [1] H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 p 549 [2] Ibid, 606 [3] Ibid, 606 [4] Hubpages.com, Summary of Legal Positivism Concept and Harts Separation of Law and Morality: Fairly Legal (1) (15 Septemper,2013) http://hubpages.com/education/Harts-Positivism-and-the-Separation-of-Law-and-Morality-Fairly-Legal-1 accessed 23 November 2016. [5] Ibid [6] Ibid [7] Ibid [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Ibid [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] Daniel Chong, Hart on penumbra and core meaning, file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/HART_on_pernumbra_and_core_meaning.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 [14] Ibid [15] Ibid [16] Ibid [17] Ibid [18] Ibid [19] Ibid [20] Ibid [21] Faculty.ycp.edu, Fullers Internal Morality of Law, http://faculty.ycp.edu/~dweiss/phl347_philosophy_of_law/Fuller%20and%20the%20internal%20morality%20of%20law.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 [22] Ibid [23] Ibid [24] Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [25] Ibid [26] Ibid [27] Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [28] H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 p 617